Micro Basics Flashcards
What is microbiology?
Study of entities too small to be seen with the unaided human eye.
In the golden age of micro, scientists searched for answers for what?
Fermentation, disease, and prevention of disease/infection.
Whats defined as generally any abnormal condition in the body?
Disease
Prior to 1800’s disease was attributed to what various factors?
Evil spirits, astrological signs, imbalances in body fluids… etc.
Whats included in the triad or triangle of health?
Host, Agent and Environment
Robert Koch studied what?
Causation of disease
Koch was in a race with Pasteur to discover the cause of?
Anthrax
When Bacillus anthraces was discovered it was the first time that a bacterium was prove to cause a
Disease
Koch also discovered the cause of?
Tuberculosis
Koch discovered the method of?
Isolation (agar)
Semmelweis discovered what?
Handwashing
Lister discovered what?
Antiseptic Technique
Snow discovered what?
Infection control/Field of Epidemiology
Jenner discovered what?
Smallpox vaccine/Field of Immunology
John snow determines that cause of the?
Cholera transmission
Pasteur discovered vaccines against what?
Fowl cholera, anthrax, and rabies
Variant creutzfeldt jakob disease is an?
Emerging Disease
vCJD affects the brain by slowly eroding nervous tissue and leaving the brain full of?
Sponge-like holes
vCJD has no?
Treatment
What are the processes of life?
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Responsiveness
- Metabolism
Prokaryotes lack a?
Nucleus
Prokaryotes lack internal membrane bound?
Organelles
Prokaryotes have what type of DNA?
Circular
Prokaryotes are smaller in diameter than?
Eukaryotes
Prokaryotes have what type of structure?
Simple
Prokaryotes are composed of what?
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes have a?
Nucleus
Eukaryotes have internal membrane bound
Organelles
What type of DNA do eukaryotes have?
Linear DNA
Eukaryotes are larger in diameter than?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have what type of structure?
More Complex
Eukaryotes are composed of what?
Algae, protozoa, fungi, animals and plants
What microbe has had more impact on our society than any other microbe?
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae
What is credited for the IDEA of germ theory?
Louis Pasteur
What’s the singular most important characteristic that differentiates eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?
Nucleus*
What are the external structures of bacterial cells?
Glycocalyces, Flagella, Fimbrae & Pili
What are the 2 types of glycocalyces?
Capsule and Slime Layer
What glycocalaces are firmly attached to cell surface?
Capsule
What glycocalaces are loosely attached to cell surface?
Slime Layer
What prevents bacteria from being recognized by host?
Capsule
What sticky layer allows prokaryotes to attach to surfaces?
Slime Layer
What are responsible for movement?
Flagella
Flagella have long structures that extend?
Beyond cell surface
Flagella is composed of what 3 parts?
- Filament
- Hook
- Basal Body
Flagella are NOT present on all?
Bacteria
Whats the function of flagella?
Propel bacteria through environment
Rotation of flagella is reversible and can be?
Clockwise or Counterclockwise
What is the term used to describe bacteria moving in response to stimuli?
Taxis
Fimbrae and Pili are what type of extensions?
Rod-like Protienaceous
Fimbriae has what type of projections?
Sticky, bristlelike
Fimbriae are used by bacteria to?
Adhere to one another, hosts, and substances in environment.
Fimbrae are shorter than?
Flagella
Fimbrae serve an important function in?
Biofilms
Pili are tubules composed of?
Pilin
Pili are also known as ?
Conjugation Pili
Pili are longer than fimbrae but shorter than?
Flagella
Bacteria typically only have?
1-2 fimbrae per cell
Pili mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another. This is known as?
Conjugation
Bacterial cell walls provide structure and shape and protect cell from?
Osmotic Forces
Bacterial Cell walls assist some cells in attaching to other cells or in?
Resisting antimicrobial drugs
Bacterial cell walls give bacterial cells?
Characteristic shapes
Bacterial cells walls are composed of?
Peptidoglycan
What are the 2 types of bacterial cell walls?
Gram + and Gram -
Gram + cell walls have a relatively?
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Gram + contain unique polyalcohols called?
Teichoic Acids
Gram + are what color following a gram staining procedure?
Purple
Gram - have only a?
Thin layer of peptidoglycan
With Gram -, there is a bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan which contains
Phospholipids, protiens and Lipopolysaccharide
What color is gram - following a gram staining procedure?
Magenta
What are the passive processes?
Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
What are the active processes?
Active Transport
Group Translocation
With group translocation the substance is chemically modified during?
Transport
Dehydration of the cell is known as:
Crenation
A typical bacterial cell (with a cell wall) which has a solute concentration of 0.85% NaCl is placed into a tube containing a solution that has a 0.2% NaCl concentration. What type of solution is this?
Hypotonic
Bacterial cells in hypotonic solution will swell up until it can’t anymore. What will happen to the cell wall?
It will NOT burst because the cell wall prevents it.
What type of solution has an equal concentration of solutes on the outside as the inside?
Isotonic
What type of solution has a high concentration of solutes outside the cell?
Hypertonic
In a hypertonic solution the cell will?
Shrink (crenate)
What type of solution has a low concentration of solutes outside the cell?
Hypotonic
In a hypotonic solution, the cell (no cell wall) will?
Burst
The cytoplasm of bacteria includes?
Inclusions and Endospores
Inclusions may include reserve deposits of?
Chemicals
Inclusions are stored when nutrients are in abundance and used when?
Nutrients are scarce
What has unique structures produced by some bacteria that are a defensive strategy against unfavorable conditions?
Endospores
Endospores are only produced by organisms in Genus?
Bacillus and Clostridium
What is the site of synthesis in prokaryotes?
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic ribosomes are?
70S
Prokaryotic ribosomes are composed of 2 subunits which are?
30S and 50S
What lacks cell walls?
Animals and most protozoans
Fungi, algae, plants, and some protozoa DO HAVE?
Cell walls
Endocytosis is specific to?
Eukaryotes
Whats the physical manipulation of cytoplasmic membrane around cytoskeleton and forms pseudopodia?
Endocytosis
When a solid is imported into the cell, it’s known as?
Phagocytosis
When a liquid is imported into the cell, it’s known as?
Pinocytosis
When substances are exported from the cell, it’s known as?
Exocytosis
Ribosomes in eukaryotes have what structure?
80S
Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of what 2 subunits?
60S and 40S
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have what type of ribosomes?
70S
Microscope with a dark field has a?
Dark Background
Microscope with a light field has a?
Light Background
What’s the system that classifies organisms based on characteristics in common?
Linnaeus
Linnaeus used what?
Binomial Nomenclature
How do you list genus and species?
Genus is capitalized and species is not capitalized. They should both be italicized.
Linnaeus proposed what 2 kingdoms?
Animals and Plants
Who proposed taxonomic approach based on 5 kingdoms?
Whittaker
What were the 5 kingdoms Whittaker proposed?
Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Prokaryotae
Who compared nucleotide sequences of rRNA subunits?
Carl Woese
Carol Woese proposed what 3 domains as determined by rRNA sequeces?
Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Cells in eukarya, bacteria and archaea also differ with respect to many other?
Characteristics
Carl Woese’s toxonomy is the?
Current way of organization
Bacteria and Archaea are both?
Prokaryotes
Eukarya have 5 subclasses which include?
Animals Plants Fungi Protozoans Algae
Helminths are classified as?
Animals (Eukaryotes)
The shortest distance between 2 points on a specimen that can still be distinguished by the observer as separate entities is known as?
Resolution
The difference in intensity between 2 objects or between an object and background is?
Contrast
Contrast is important in determining?
Resolution
What increases contrast and resolution by coloring specimens with stains/dyes?
Staining
Smear of microorganisms (thin film) made prior to staining must be?
Fixed with heat
Crystal Violet stain is?
Purple
Safranin stain is?
Magenta
Methylene blue stain is?
Blue
Malachite green stain is?
Green
Carbol fuchsin stain is?
Red
What stain has a crystal violet primary stain>
Gram Stain
What’s used to decolorize?
Alcohol
What counterstain is used in a gram stain?
Safranin
A purple gram stain is?
Gram +
A magenta gram stain is
Gram -
What group of bacteria don’t have the typical peptidoglycan cell wall?
Mycobacteria
Mycobacteria have cell walls with a high waxy mycolic acid content making them resistant to?
Decolorization by acids during staining
Mycobacteria is referred to as?
Acid-Fast Bacteria
Whats the primary stain in acid-fast?
Carbol Fuchsin
What’s the counterstain in acid-fast?
Methylene Blue
The red acid fast cells are?
Mycobacteria
The blue non-acid fast cells are?
Human tissue and cells
What’s the primary stain for and endospore stain?
Malachite green
What’s the counterstain for an endospore stain?
Safranin
If the cells are green they are?
Endospores
If the cells are magenta they are?
Vegetative cells
A series of paired statements where only one or two “either/or” choices applies to any particular organism is know as a?
Dichotomous Key
Dichotomous Key directs the user to another pair of statements or provides?
Name of organism
What disease is caused due to S. pyogenes?
Necrotizing Fasciitis
When speaking of reproductive activities of microbes, use what term to refer to an increase in the size of a population of microbes?
Growth
An aggregation of cells arising from a single parent cell is?
Colony
A collection of microbes in a complex community is?
Biofilm
What is the MC biofilm?
Plaque
What uses carbon dioxide (self) and light?
Photoautotrophs
What uses carbon dioxide (self) and chemical compounds?
Chemoautotrophs
What uses organic compounds (outside self) and light
Photoheterotrophs
What uses organic compounds (outside self) and chemical compounds?
Chemoheterotrophs
What are the photoautotrophs?
Plants Some protozoa Algae Bacteria Archaea
What are the chemoautotrophs?
Bacteria and Archaea
What are the photoheterotrophs?
Bacteria and Archaea
What are the chemoheterotrophs?
Animals, fungi, and other protozoa
What are the growth requirements for microorganisms?
- Oxygen
- Temperature
- pH
- Moisture
- Osmotic Pressure
- Light
- Food
Microorganisms vary widely in their?
Oxygen requirements for growth
As a rule, temperature is the what, affecting the growth of microorganisms?
Most important Factor
Bacteria can grow within a range of?
Temperatures
What organisms prefer cold temperatures?
Physhrophilic
What organisms prefer moderate temperatures?
Mesophilic
What organisms prefer high temperatures?
Hyper Thermophilic
The most pathogenic organisms are?
Mesophiles
Mesophiles are usually about?
Normal human body temp
Most microorganisms thrive in a pH range of?
6-9
Most animal pathogens work best near a pH of?
7
Vegetative cell maintenance and growth requires?
Water
Food and waste are transported through the cell wall in?
Water Solutions
What is a building material necessary in cell synthesis?
Water
Osmotic pressure is created by?
Osmosis
Cell in a hypertonic environment:
Water is drawn out of the cell
Cell in hypotonic environment:
Water is drawn into the cell
Green and purple pigmented bacteria use what as a source of part of all of their energy?
Light
In comparison, most pathogens are killed by?
Direct Sunlight
Both UV rays and warmth?
Harm bacteria
Organisms require what for building cell components and proteins and for the energy necessary for cell survival?
Food
Microbial activity is limited when food supplies become?
Exhausted
The amount and type of food available will have an impact on the organism’s?
Survival and growth
Which growth requirement is most critical to the survivability of the organism?
Temperature
A sample is called an:
Inoculum
A collection of nutrients such as broth or solid is called a?
Medium
Microorganisms that grow from an inoculum is called a?
Culture
The act of cultivating microorganisms is known as?
Culture
Cultures that are visible on the surface of solid media is called?
Colonies
Some microbes are not particular and can be grown in a variety of media, while others require?
Specific Nutrients
What are 2 types of culture media?
Selective media
Differential Media
The exact chemical composition of defined (synthetic) media is?
Known
Defined Media is usually composed of?
Pure Biochemicals off the shelf
The exact chemical composition of complex media is?
Unknown
Complex media usually contain complex materials of biological origin such as?
Blood or milk
Yeast or Beef extract
What media can support a wider variety of microogranisms
Complex Media
What media contains substances that favor or inhibit the growth of particular organisms?
Selective Media
What media has a presence of visible changes in medium or differences in the appearance of colonies that help differentiate organisms?
Differential Media
What is the selective media for fungus?
Sabouraud Dextrose Agar
What is the differential media for streptococcus?
Blood Agar
What media only allows gram -?
MacConkey Agar
MacConkey Agar is a combination of?
Selective and Differential Medias
Small molecules of extra chromosomal DNA that replicate independently are known as?
Plasmids
Plasmids are not essential for normal?
Metabolism
Growth
Reproduction
Plasmids can confer?
Survival Advantages
What are the different types of plasmids?
Fertility factors (F plasmids)
Resistance factors (R plasmids)
Bacteriocin factors
Virulence Plasmids
F plasmids carry the instructions for?
Conjugation
R plasmids carry genes for?
REsistance to Antibiotics
Bacteriocin factors carry genes for?
Toxins called bacteriocins.
Bacteriocin can kill it’s?
Competitors
Virulence plasmids carry instructions that?
Enable bacterium to become pathogenic
Organisms that replicate their genomes and provide copies to descendants is called?
Vertical Gene Transfer
Vertical gene transfer is a normal process in both?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What is it called when genes are acquired from other microbes of the same generation?
Horizontal Gene Transfer
With horizontal gene transfer, the donor cell contributes part of the genomes to?
Recipient cell (may be different species)
What are the 3 types of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?
Transformation
Transduction
Bacterial Conjugation
When the recipient cell takes up DNA from environment it’s called?
Transformation
The cells that take up DNA during transformation are called?
Competent
Transformation occurs in only a few types of?
Bacteria
The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus is called?
Transduction
Tranducing phage carries what from donor to recipient?
Random DNA segment
With transduction only certain donor DNA sequences are?
Transferred
A virus that attacks bacteria is called a?
Bacteriophage
What is it called when the transfer of DNA from one cell to another is mediated by conjugation pili?
Conjugation
In conjugation, the donor cell requires?
F plasmid (F+)
In conjugation, the recipient cell LACKS?
F plasmid (F-)
Bacterial conjugation has no offspring and do not?
Replicate
What emerging disease infects a person by penetrating directly into a deep wound, cut or even a tiny scratch?
Vibrio vulnificus
What are the typical prokaryote morphologies?
Coccus (sphere) Bacillus (rod) Vibrio (comma) Spirochete (spiral) Pleomorphic (many shapes)
All prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Asexually
What are the 3 main methods of asexual reproduction in prokaryotic cells?
Binary Fission
Snapping Division
Budding
What type of asexual reproduction is most common?
Binary Fission
Binary fission starts with 1 parent cell and ends with?
2 daughter cells
Snapping division is a variation of binary fission, except the cell doesn’t completely?
Separate (stays connected by a hinge)
With budding, it starts with 1 parent cell and ends with?
1 parent and 1 daughter cell
2 cocci is called a?
Diplococci
A chain of cocci is called?
Streptococci
A 4 square arrangement of cocci is called?
Tetrads
A cubed shaped arrangement is called a?
Sarcinae
If the arrangement of cocci is in any direction/orientation/cluster it is called?
Staphylococci
2 bacillus is called?
Diplobacilli
A chain of bacilli is called?
Streoptobacilli
What reemerging disease is usually considered a childhood disease but can also strike adults?
Pertussis
What are the eukayotic microbes of clinical interest?
Protozoa
Fungi
Parasitic Helminths
Reproduction in eukaryotes is more complicated than?
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes have a variety of reproduction methods which include?
Binary Fission Budding Fragmentation Spore Formation Schizogony
Eukaryotes may also reproduce sexually by forming?
Gametes and Zygotes
Algae, fungi and some protozoa reproduce BOTH?
Sexually and Asexually
Protozoa typically LACK a?
Cell wall
Protozoa require moist environments and very few are?
Pathogens
Protozoa are characterized by great morphological diversity and most reproduce?
Asexually Only
All protozoa produce?
Trophozoites
Trophozoites are in the?
Motile Feeding Stage
Some protozoa produce?
Cysts
Cysts are in the?
Hardy Resting Stage
Some protozoa have?
Contractile vacuoles
Contractile vacuoles actively pump water from the cells, protecting them from?
Osmotic Lysis
Fungi produce?
Antibiotics
30% of fungi cause?
Diseases of plants
Animals
Humans (mycoses)
What can spoil fruit, pickles, jams, and jellies?
Fungi
In fungal morphology what is a thallus?
Non-reproductive body
The thalli of molds are composed of long branched tubular filaments called?
Hyphae
Fungi that produce 2 types of thalli are called?
Dimorphic
Generally, yeast form of dimorphics cause?
Disease
A tangled mass of hyphae is called?
Mycelium
All fungi have some means of?
Asexual Reproduction
Most fungi reproduce?
Sexually
Yeasts bud in a manner similar to?
Prokaryotic Budding
A series of buds that remain attached to one another and to the parent cell is called?
Pseudohypha
Pseudohypha are found in?
Candida albicans
What produced lightweight spores that disperse over large distances?
Filamentous Fungi
What is a rare, but increasingly frequent pathogen of the immunocompromised?
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is an emerging disease and is treated with?
Antifungal medication
What is a minuscule, acellular infectious agent having either DNA or RNA?
Viruses
Viruses cause many infections of?
Humans
Animals
Plants
Bacteria
What causes most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world?
Viruses
The extracellular state of a virus is called a?
Virion
What surrounds a nucleic acid core of a virus?
Protein Coat (Capsid)
The capsid and nucleic acid core together are referred to as?
Nucleocapsid
Some virions have a?
Phospholipid enevelope
A phospholipid envelope is the outer structure that encloses the?
Nucleocapsids of some viruses
Once the virus is inside the host, the?
Capsid is removed
Virus exist simply as?
Nucleic Acid
The process of getting rid of the capsid is called/
Uncoating
Most viruses infect only particular?
Host’s cells
Viruses may be what, that they only infect particular kind of cell in a particular host?
Specific
Some viruses infect many kinds of cells in many different host. These viruses are called?
Generalists
What types of organisms are susceptible to some sort of viral attack?
All types of organisms
What are the viral shapes?
Complex
Helical
Polyhedral
What is the most common viral shape?
Polyhedral (icosahedron)
Complex viral shapes have capsids of?
Many Shapes
Rabies has a complex shape which is called a?
Bullet Shaped Capsid
Polyhedral viral shape is a?
Geodesic Dome
Helical viral shape is?
Spiral
The viral envelop is acquired form?
Host Cell during viral replication or release
Some viral envelopes have viral glycoproteins that project, called?
Spikes
What’s the function of the viral envelope?
Provide Protection
Host Recognition
Help virus enter host cell
If a virus has an envelope, it’s called a?
Enveloped Virion
If a virus has no envelope, it’s called a?
Non enveloped/naked Virion
Viruses are classified by?
Type of nucleic acid
Presence of an envelope
Shape
Size
Viruses have recognized viral?
Family and genus names
Virions are dependent on hosts organelles and enzymes to produce new?
Virions
What replication cycle usually results in death and lysis of host cell?
Lytic Replication
What are the stages of lytic replication cycle?
Attachment Entry Synthesis Assembly Release
In the attachment stage, the virion attaches to?
Host Cell
In the entry stage, the virion or genome enter into?
Host cell
In the synthesis stage, what’s synthesized by the hosts cells enzymes and ribosomes?
New Nucleic Acids
Viral Proteins
In the assembly stage, the new virions within the host cell are?
Assembled
In the release stage, what is released?
New Virions from host cell
Lysis results in?
Death of the cell
What is a modified replication cycle where infected host cells grow and reproduce normally for generations before they lyse?
Lysogeny
What are prophages?
Inactvie Phages
When phages carry genes that alter phenotype of a bacterium it is called?
Lysogenic Conversion
Lysogenic conversion can turn bacterium from harmless into a?
Pathogen
Animal viruses have the same basic replication pathway as?
Bacteriophages
The differences in replication pathways of animals viruses include?
Presence of envelope around some viruses
Eukaryotic nature of animal cells
Lack of cell walls in animal cells
Animal viruses have what type of attraction?
Chemical
Animal viruses do not have?
Tails or Tail Fibers
Animal viruses have what that mediate attachment
Glycoprotein Spikes
Other Attachment Molecules
What are the 3 mechanisms of entry into animal viruses?
Direct Penetration
Membrane Fusion
Endocytosis
Membrane fusion fuses with?
Host cell membrane
With endocytosis, brings solid into cell and engulfs the?
Entire Virus
The process of budding in enveloped viruses, has no?
Lysis
What is it called when animal viruses remain dormant in host cells?
Latent virus or Provirus
Latent viruses may be prolonged for?
Years with no viral activity
Some latent viruses do not become incorporated in the?
Host’s Chomrosome
Incorporation of provirus into host DNA is?
Permanent
Culturing viruses in the lab in mature organisms include
Bacteria
Plants and Animals
Culturing viruses in lab in embryonated chicken eggs is?
Inexpensive
In embryonated chicken eggs, they are free of contaminated microbes and contain a?
Nourishing Yolk
Embryonated chicken eggs are among the?
Largest
Culturing a virus in lab in cell culture, consists of cells isolated from an organism and grown on a?
Medium or in broth
What are proteinaceous infectious agents that lack nucleic acids?
Prions
What are made by all mammals and is the normal structure with alpha helices?
Cellular PrP protein
What is a disease causing form with Beta sheets?
Prion PrP
Prion PrP converts Cellular PrP into Prion PrP by inducing?
Conformational Change
Prions are only destroyed by?
Incineration
Autoclaving in sodium hydroxide
The expression of prion diseases in most predominant in ?
Nervous System
With prion diseases, large vacuoles form in the brain and have a what appearance?
Spongy
Spongiform encephalopathies include?
BSE
vCJD
Kuru
Prions composed of different proteins may lie behind other muscular and neuronal degenerative diseases including?
Alzheimers disease
Parkinson’s Disease
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Aedes Albopictus causes what emerging disease?
Chikungunya
The use of microorganisms in food production prevents?
Food Spoilage
Food related illnesses
Any desirable change that occurs to a food or beverage as a result of microbial growth is called?
Fermentation
Many common products result from fermentation of?
vegetables
meats
dairy products
Starter cultures are used in?
Commercial food and beverage production
Starter cultures are composed of known microorganisms that consistently perform specific?
Fermemtation
Adverse changes to a food due to the action of microorganisms is called?
Spoilage
Undesirable metabolic reactions, growth of pathogens and the presence of unwanted microorganisms in food is due to?
Spoilage
What are some common fermented foods?
Grain Vegetable Beans Fruit Dairy Honey
The acid produced by bacteria during fermentation curdles?
Milk
Curds are separated by from the whey and provide the base of?
Cheese
Whats due to consumption of spoiled foods or foods containing harmful microbes or their products?
Foodborne Illness
Symptoms of food borne illnesses include?
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Fever Fatigue Muscle Cramps
What are the 2 categories of food poisoning?
Food infection
Food Intoxication
Food infections is due to consumption of?
Living Microorganism
Food intoxication is due to consumption of?
Microbial toxin rather than the microbe
1 in 6 americans get?
Food borne illness every year
Where do food borne illnesses come from?
MC–> Food Service Industry
- Home preparation
- Unknown
Physical water pollution is the presence of?
Particulate Matter
Chemical water pollution is the presence of?
Inorganic or Organic Compounds
Biological water pollution is due to too many or not native?
Microorganisms
Polluted waters supports a greater than normal?
Microbial Load
Consuming contaminated water can cause various diseases such as?
Diarrheal Diseases (worldwide)
Waterborne diseases are rare in?
US
Water treatment removes most?
Water borne pathogens
What virus affects people living in close quarters and is due to poor personal hygiene?
Norovirus Gastroenteritis
What is water that considered safe to drink?
Portable water
Water is not devoid of microorganisms and chemicals, but levels are low enough that it is not a?
Health Concern
The presence of what in water indicates fecal contamination?
Coliforms
Presence of coliforms increases the likelihood that what’s present?
Disease-causing microbes
Treatment of drinking water involves what four stages?
- Coagulation and Flocculation
- Sedimentation
- Filtration
- Disinfection
Sedimentation removes?
Large and Particulate materials
Filtration removes microbes by 3 methods such as?
- Sand Filtration
- Activated Charcoal
- Membrane filtration
Inactivation of remaining microbes is removed by disinfection including?
Chlorine
Ozone
UV Light
What does remediate mean?
To solve a problem
to use biological organisms to solve an environmental problem such as contaminated soil or groundwater is known as?
Bio-remediate
Bio-remediation uses organisms to clean up toxic, hazardous or recalcitrant compounds by?
Degrading them to harmless compounds
What uses microbes or their toxins to terrorize human populations?
Bioterrorism
What uses microbes to terrorize human populations by destroying the food supply?
Agroterrorism
What are the criteria for assessing biological threats to humans?
- Public Health impact
- Delivery potential
- Public perception
- Public Health preparedness
Public health impact depends on the ability of hospitals and clinic to?
Handle the casualties
Delivery potential means how easy the agent can be introduced into the?
Population
Public perception is the effect of public fear on the ability to control an?
Outbreak
Public health preparedness is associated with existing?
Response Measures
Biosafety level one handles the pathogens that?
Do not cause disease in healthy humans
Biosafety level two handles?
Moderately hazardous agents
Biosafety level three handles microbes in?
Safety Cabinets
Biosafety level 3 may cause serious or potentially lethal disease after?
Inhalation
Biosafety level four handles microbes that cause?
Severe or Fatal diseases
Traits of various agents could be combined to create novel agents and no immunity would?
Exist in the population
Terrorist theoretically could make their own?
Microbes
Genetic technology in bioterrorism could be used to?
Thwart Bioterrorism
Scientist can identify unique sequences that may aid in tracking biological agents and determining their?
Source
Genetic techniques could help develop?
Vaccines
Treatments
Pathogen-resistant crops
Normal Microbiota is also called?
Normal flora
Indigenous Microbiota
Organisms that colonize the body’s surfaces without normally causing disease is called?
Normal Microbiota
What remains part of normal microbiota of a person for life?
Resident Microbiota
What remains in the body for few hours, days, months before disappearing?
Transient Microbiota
What are the sites that are free of any microbes and are never colonize by normal flora?
Axenic
If microbes colonize in which areas, they are considered to be abnormal?
Alveoli of Lungs CNS Circulatory system Upper urogential regions Uterus
In the uterus there is no exposure to?
Microbiota (Axenic)
Normal microbiota begins to develop during?
Birth Process
During the birthing process what happens for the baby to develop normal microbiota?
Mouth and nose through birth canal
first breath
handling by staff and family
Most of ones resident microbiota is established during?
1st month of life
