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Phase 2a > Micro basics > Flashcards

Micro basics Flashcards

1
Q

Example of an aerobic bacilli

A

C. diptheriae

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2
Q

Example of an anaerobic bacilli

A

C. difficile

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3
Q

Why do gram positive bacteria stain purple?

A

Thicker layer of peptidoglycan

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4
Q

How do we distinguish between gram positive cocci?

A

Catalase test

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5
Q

Example of a positive and a negative result of the catalse test

A

Catalse positive = Staphylococci, eg S.aureus

Catalse negative = streptococci, eg S. pneumoniae

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6
Q

How can we distinguish S.aureus from other staphylococci?

A

Coagulate test on blood agar

  • S.aureus = gold
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7
Q

How can we distinguish between different streptococci?

A

Haemolysis test on blood agar

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8
Q

Results of the haemolysis test and an example for the results

A

Beta haemolysis = clear → antigenic groups

Alpha haemolysis = green, eg strep viridans

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9
Q

What does Lancefield grouping differentiate?

A

Beta haemolytic streps → A,B,C,G antigenic groups

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10
Q

Which group A strep is optochin resistant?

A

Strep viridans (alpha haemolysis) or S pyogenes (beta haemolysis)

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11
Q

First test to distinguihs between gram negative bacilli

A

MacConkey agar → lactose fermenters & non-lactose fermenters

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli

A

E. coli

Klebsiella

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of non-lactose fermenting gram negative bacilli

A

Salmonella

Shigella

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14
Q

Function of the oxidase test?

A

Distinguish between non-lactose fermenters

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15
Q

Example of a bacteria which is gram negative, MacConkey test negative and oxidase test positive

A

Pseudomonas

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16
Q

Example of an atypical cause of pneumoniae & explain where this may be caught

A

Legionella

  • History of a holiday
  • Dodgy AC, eg multiple people all catching it after the same event
17
Q

Treatment of pneumonia

A

Amoxicillin + clarithromycin

(clarithromycin covers atypical pneumonia causes)

18
Q

If a patient has a very high CURB-65 score what does this indicate & how would we treat them?

A

Severe form of pneumonia

Give Co-amoxiclav and clarithromycin

19
Q

Most likely cause of IE following dental visits?

A

Strep viridans

20
Q

Abx given to pt with IE caused by strep viridans?

A

Benzyl penicillin & gentamycin

21
Q

Dukes criteria: what is it used for and what are the criteria?

A

Diagnosis of IE.

2 major, 1 major 3 minor or 5 minor present for diagnosis.

BE = major, FEVER = minor

  • Blood cultures +ve greater than 12 hours apart
  • Echo = evidence of endocardial involvement
  • F = fever
  • E = echo
  • V = eVidence from microbiology
  • E = evidence from immunology, eg Roth spots, osler nodes etc
  • R = risk groups, IVDU, prosthetic valves
22
Q

Antibiotic of choice to treat S.aureus infections

A

Flucloxacillin

23
Q

Appearance of a CSF film when infection is: bacterial, viral, fungal/TB

A

Bacterial = turbid, eg cloudy/opaque

Viral = clear

Fungal/TB = fibrin web

24
Q

Treatment of n.meningitidis in primary care

A

Benzylpenicillin

25
Q

Treatment of n.meningitidis in hospital care

A

Cefotaxime or ceftriaxone

26
Q

Why is TB difficult to treat?

A

Intracellular bacteria

27
Q

RFs for TB

A

Immunocompromised

Moved from endemic country

Lower socioeconomic background, eg homeless

28
Q

What colour will TB go on a Ziehl-Niehlsen stain

A

Red

29
Q

Side effects of RIPE antibiotics

A

Rifampacin = orange urine

Isoniazid = peripheral neuropathy

Pyrazinamide = gout (triggers hyperuricaemia)

Ethambutol = optic neuritis

30
Q

Mechanism of beta lactam antibiotics

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

31
Q

3 classes of beta lactams

A

Penicillins, cephalosporins and carbapenems

32
Q

Example of 2 penicillin abx

A

Flucloxacillin

Benzylpenicillin

33
Q

Example of 2 cephalosporin abx

A

Cephalexin and cefuroxime

34
Q

Example of a carbapenem abx

A

Meropenem

35
Q

Causative organisms of HAP

A
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • E.coli
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
36
Q

Management of pneumonia based on CURB-65

A

0-1 = oral amoxicillin at home

2: consider hospital. Amoxicillin (IV or oral) + macrolide, eg clarithromycin

3+: Consider ITU, IV co-amoxiclav + macrolide

Phase 2a (12 decks)

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