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BVS 511 Micro > Micro Bacteria > Flashcards

Micro Bacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Gram negative proteobacteria (3 types)

A

alphaproteobacteria
betaprototeobacteria
gammaproteobacteria

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2
Q

Alphaproteobacteria

A

-gram negative
-capable of growth in low levels of nutrients
-capable of nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with plants and several plant and human pathogens

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3
Q

Genera of alphaproteobacteria

A

rickettsia and bartonella

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4
Q

Rickettsia

A
  • gram negative
  • rod shapes or coccobacilli
  • transmitted to humans by insects and tick bites
  • enter host cell by inducing phagocytosis, enter cytoplasm of cell and begin reproducing binary fission
  • responsible for spotted fever grop
  • damage the permeability of blood capillaries which results in spotted rash
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5
Q

Bartonella

A
  • B. Henselea
  • gram negative that causes cat scratch disease
  • parinaud oculaoglandular syndrome
  • presents neuroretniti with optic nerve edema, macular star formation, and discrete white retinal or choroid lesions
  • alphaproteobacteria
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6
Q

Betaproteobacteria

A
  • overlaop with alpha
  • use nutrient substances that diffuse away from areas of anaerobic decompision or organic matter such as H2 gas, ammonoa, and methane
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7
Q

Genera of betaproteobacteria

A

bordetella and neisseria

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8
Q

Bordetella

A
  • betaproteobacteria
  • nonmotile
    -aerobic
  • gram negative rod
  • bordetlla pertussis- whooping cough
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9
Q

Neisseria

A
  • aerobic
  • gram negative cocci
  • live in membranes of mammals
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10
Q

Gammaproteobacteria

A

largest subgroup of proteobacteria

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11
Q

Genera of gammaproteobacteria

A

pseudonomas, moraxella, acinetobacter, legionella, enterobacterialis

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12
Q

Pseudonomas

A
  • aerobic, gram negative rods
  • motile by polar flagella
  • P. aeruginoda can infect urinary ttacts, burns, and wounds, and can cause blood infections, abscesses, and meningitis
  • can be resistant to antibiotics
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13
Q

Moraxella

A
  • gram negative
  • strictly aerobic coccobacilli
  • moraxella lacunta causes conjuctivitis
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14
Q

Acinetobacter

A
  • gram negativ
  • aerobic
  • typically form in pairs
  • A. baumanii
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15
Q

A. baumanii

A
  • common in healthcare setting
  • becoming more resistant to antibiotics
  • primatily respitory pathogen
  • high mortlality rate due to resistance
  • acinetobacter
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16
Q

Legionella

A
  • gram negative
  • common in streams, warm water supply lines, and water in air conditioning systems
  • hard to eradicate
17
Q

Enterobacterialis

A
  • known as enterics
  • faculative anaerobes
  • gram -
  • if motile: peritrichously flagellated
  • inhabit animal intestines
  • have fimbriae that help attach to surfaces
  • produce bacteriocins that cause lysis of other bacteria
18
Q

Nonproteobacteria gram negative groups

A

cyanobacteria
chlamydia
spirochetes

19
Q

Cyanobacteria

A

Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
* Capable of fixing nitrogen
* Types:
* unicellular forms that divide by binary fission
* colonial forms that divide by multiple fission
* Filamentous forms that reproduce by fragmentation of the filaments

20
Q

Chlamydia

A
  • Gram-negative coccoid
  • Most distinguished by their unique developmental cycle
  • Their elementary body is the infective agent.
  • Transmitted by interpersonal contact
  • 3 species significant for pathogens
  • C. trachomatis – trachoma - causes blindness, nongonococcal urethritis (STI) and lymphogranuloma venereum (STI)
  • Related to Chlamydophila genus that can cause airborne respiratory disease
21
Q

Spirochetes

A
  • Develop axial filaments
  • gram negative
  • Helps in motility. Can move 100 times its body length in a second
  • Can be found in human oral cavity
  • Genera: Treponema and Borrelia
22
Q

Treponema

A

*gram negative
* Includes many important pathogenic bacteria
* Treponema pallidum
*causes syphilis

23
Q

Borrelia

A
  • Borrelia burgdorferi causes Lyme disease
  • Most often in Northeast, mid-Atlantic, upper Midwest areas of the U.S.
  • Carried by ticks
  • Causes: fever, rash, facial paralysis, an irregular heartbeat,
    and arthritis (CDC)
    gram negative
24
Q

Gram Positive types

A

Firmicutes and actinobacteria

25
Q

Firmicutes

A
  • Low G + C gram positive bacteria
  • Endospore forming
  • Genera:
  • Clostridium
  • Bacillus
  • Staphylococcus * Enterococcus
  • Streptococcus
  • Listeria
  • Mycoplasmas
26
Q

Clostridium

A
  • Obligate anaerobes
  • Rod shaped
  • Usually contain endospores * C. tetani, botulinum, difficile
27
Q

Bacillus

A
  • gram positive
  • Rods
  • Produce endospores
  • Common in soil
  • Few are pathogenic to humans
  • Serval are used to produce antibiotics * B. anthracis
  • Nonmotile facultative anaerobe
  • cause of anthrax in cattle, sheep, humans
28
Q

Staphylococcus

A
  • gram positive
    *Grapelike clusters
  • S. aureus names for its yellow pigmented colonies
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Grow well under high osmotic pressure and low moisture
  • Carried in our noses and on skin
  • Can infect surgical wounds
  • Can be resistant against penicillin
  • Produce toxins responsible for toxic shock syndrome
  • Produced enterotoxins – one of the most common causes of food
    poisoning
29
Q

Enterococcus

A
  • gram positive
  • Well-adapted to areas of the body that are rich in nutrients, but low in oxygen like the GI and oral cavity.
  • Can be found in human stool.
  • High resistance to antibiotics
  • Known for many surgical wounds and urinary tract infections
  • Enter bloodstream through invasive procedures such as
    indwelling catheters
30
Q

Streptococcus

A
  • Spherical chains
  • Gram-positive
  • Causative of a greater variety of diseases more than other groups of bacteria
  • Produce extracellular substances that destroy phagocytic cells and produce enzymes that digest host’s connective tissue.
  • Bacterial enzymes digest the fibrin of blood clots, so infections spread
31
Q

Listeria

A
  • gram positive
  • L. monocytogenes contaminate food especially dairy products
  • Survives within phagocytic cells and is capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures.
  • Can cause stillbirth or serious damage to the fetus of pregnant women
32
Q

Mycoplasma

A
  • Polymorphic
  • Lack a cell wall
  • Can produce filaments thar resemble fungi (mykes=fungus, plasma=formed)
  • Very small 0.1 to 0.25 microns; cell volume 5% of the typical bacillus
  • Smallest self-replicating organism capable of free-living existence.
  • Related to gram-positive bacteria like Bacillus and Streptococcus but have lost genetic material over time in a process called degenerative evolution.
  • Special in that their cell membranes contains sterols unlike other prokaryotes
  • M. pneumoniae – cause of mild pneumonia
33
Q

Actinobacteria

A
  • gram positive
    *High G+C gram-positive bacteria
  • Actino means ray
  • Referring to a radiate or starlike form of growth by often branching filaments
  • Morphology resembles that of filamentous fungi
  • Allows for a higher surface-to-volume ratio and enhances absorbing nutrients
  • Their filaments have a diameter much smaller than that of eukaryotic molds
  • Some carry asexual spores that are used for reproduction
  • Genera:
  • Mycobacterium
  • Corynebacterium * Actinomyces
34
Q

Mycobacterium

A
  • gram positive
    *Aerobic, non-endospore forming rods
  • Myco (fungus-like) because of the occasional exhibition of filamentous growth
  • Acid-fast stain, drug resistance, pathogenicity all related to their distinctive cell wall containing mycolic acid forming a waxy, water-resistant layer
  • Cell wall causes resistance to stresses like drying and antimicrobials to enter the cell, but also slows down the entrance of nutrients thus the slow growth rate of the bacteria
  • M. tuberculosis causes TB
  • M. leprae causes leprosy
  • Two distinct groups:
  • Slow growing – more pathogenic
  • Rapid growers – mostly infectious to wounds but tend to be more nonpathogenic soil and
    water microbes
35
Q

Cornyebacterium

A
  • Coryne = Club-shaped
  • Pleomorphic
  • C. diphtheriae causes diphtheria
  • gram positive
36
Q

Actinomyces

A
  • Facultative anaerobes
  • Live in the mouth and throat of humans
    and animals
  • Occasionally form filaments that can fragment
  • Actinomyces israelii – causes actinomycosis
  • Tissue -destroying disease affecting the head, neck, or lungs
  • Can csue multiple eye conditions including canaliculitis
  • gram positive

BVS 511 Micro (1 decks)

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