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MS1 Unit 7 > Micro Anatomy > Flashcards

Micro Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

serous cell

A

secretes proteins

perinuclear golgi, secretory vesicles in apical portion, exocytosis, secretory products stain with H&E

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2
Q

mucous cell

A

secretes mucus

perinuclear golgi, secretory vesicles in apical portion, exocytosis, secretory products don’t stain with H&E but do stain with PAS

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3
Q

myoepithelial cells

A

located between basal lamina and secretory or duct cells. triangular or elongated nucleus. possess long actomyosin rich processes. contraction helps to expel secretory product, present in sweat, salivary, and mammary glands

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4
Q

goblet cells

A

mucin-secreting unicellular glands

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5
Q

simple glands in the skin

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

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6
Q

sebaceous glands

A

simple acinar glands. holocrine secretion: cells proliferate, differentiate, accumulate lipid droplets, and rupture.

origin of acne!

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7
Q

holocrine secretion

A

cell lysis in order to secrete product

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8
Q

apocrine secretion

A

apical portion pinches off to secrete product

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9
Q

merocrine secretion

A

just goes out a tunnel

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10
Q

sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular glands. merocrine glands.

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11
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

located in demis, thermoregulatory and excretory. altered sweat comp can be a disease indicator. secretion controlled by cholinergic fibers of SNS

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12
Q

sweat composition

A

water, ammonia, sodium, chloride, urea, uric acid, organic compounds, bactericidal peptides, proteolytic enzymes

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13
Q

pale cells

A

secrete fluid in eccrine sweat glands

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14
Q

dark cells

A

secrete proteins in eccrine sweat glands

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15
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

located in axillary, areolar, and perineal regions. simple cuboidal/columnar epithelium. simple coiled glands. merocrine secretion, large lumen, associated with hair shafts, stimulated by adrenergic nerve fibers

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16
Q

compound glands

A

salivary glands and pancreas. connective tissue capsule, septa divide parenchyma into lobules, CT stroma contains capillary plexus, nerves, lymphocytes and plasma cells. Parenchyma contains secretory acini or tubules, intercalated ducts, and intralobar ducts.

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17
Q

salivary glands

A

moisture and lube in oral cavity, initiation of digestion of carbs with alpha-amylase. immune defense through lysozyme, lactoferrin, and sIgA. secretes calcium, phosphate to make acquired pellet

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18
Q

salivary glands clinical correlation

A

reduced function of salivary glands due to radiotherapy or disease. salivary gland tumors. usually benign (pleiomorphic adenoma- accumulation of cartilate-like material produced by myoepithelial cells)

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19
Q

transcytosis

A

mechanism of sIgA secretion. endocytosis, proteolytic processing, then exocytosis to pass through acinar cells

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20
Q

submandibular gland

A

compound tubuloacinar gland. mostly serous acini; some mixed and mucous. mixed acini with serous demilunes. shorter intercalated ducts. mostly striated intralobular ducts

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21
Q

serous demilunes

A

fixation artifacts. the bulging out of serous cells

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22
Q

exocrine pancreas

A

compound acinar gland. serous acini, lack of myoepithelial cells, intercalated ducts, intralobar ducts, and interlobar ducts

secretes digestive proenzymes (lipases, nucleases, amylases)

inactive proenzymes are activated in duodenum. bicarb is also secreted

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23
Q

regulation of exocrine pancreas

A

acidic chyme stims enteroendocrine cells in duodenum. enteroendocrine cells release cholecystokinin and secretin. cholecys stims proenzyme secretion, secretin syims HCO3 secretion

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24
Q

digestive system function

A

derive molecules from food, break down macromolecules into small absorbable molecules, absorb water, vitamins, minerals, form a protective barrier between GI tract contents and inside of body

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25
Q

four layers of GI tract

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa or adventitia

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26
Q

mucosa

A

lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae. functions are protection, secretion, absorption

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27
Q

submucosa

A

dense irregular connective tissue with vessels. glands are in this layer in the esophagus and duodenum. submucosal plexus (meissners)

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28
Q

muscularis externa

A

inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle. myenteric plexus (auerbachs)

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29
Q

filiform papilla

A

come to a point, no taste buds

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30
Q

fungiform papilla

A

rounded, a few taste buds on these

31
Q

circumvallate papilla

A

many taste buds. flat top and large

32
Q

folate papillae

A

narrow and rounded, many taste buds

33
Q

esophagus

A

10 inch muscular tube. stratified squamous epithelium with cardiac glands at either end. submucosa has esophageal glands proper. muscularis externa (upper third is Skeletal, middle third is mix smooth/skeletal, lower third all smooth)

34
Q

sphincters of esophagus

A

upper sphincter is skeletal muscle, voluntary/reflexive control, lower is physiological sphincter of thickened smooth muscle

35
Q

stomach regions

A

cardia (top), fundus/body, and pylorus (bottom)

36
Q

cardiac glands

A

short pits. short coiled glands. most produce mucus, some do lysozymes and HCl

37
Q

gastric/fundic glands

A

medium pits, long straight glands. mucous neck cells, parietal cells, chief cells, enteroendocrine cells

38
Q

mucous neck cell

A

secretes acidic fluid containing mucin (soluble/mobile) occurs in small groups or singly between parietal cells in neck of gastric glands

39
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete intrinsic factor and HCl. found in middle and upper part of gastric gland. ACh, gastrin, histamine stimulate acid secretion. zantac and tagamet are histamine H2 receptor antagonists that suppress HCl and intrinsic factor secretion

40
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase. found in basal half of gastric glands

41
Q

enteroendocrine cell

A

secrete gastrin, somatostatin, and ghrelin into blood. endocrine and paracrine signalling

42
Q

pyloric glands

A

long pits, short slightly coiled glands. mostly mucous cells, some parietal. enteroendocrine cells

43
Q

surface mucous cells

A

form a secreting sheet on surface and in gastric pits. secrete an alkaline, viscous mucus that protects stomach surface

44
Q

major functions of small intestine

A

move chyme, absorb nutrients, immunodefense

45
Q

absorptive cells

A

have villi or microvilli to increase surface area

46
Q

goblet cells

A

unicellular glands. produce mucin, few in duodenum, many in ileum.

47
Q

enteroendocrine cells

A

closed or open. make all sorts of hormones, depending on where you are in the GY tract

48
Q

paneth cells

A

exocrine cells found in small groups at base of crypts of lieberkuhn. apical granules contain lysozyme, phospholipase A2, and hydrophobic peptides called defensins with antibac activity. chrohn’s disease may be a specific disorder of paneth cells. located at very bottom of crypt

49
Q

stem cells

A

located slightly above paneth cells in crypt.

50
Q

microfold cells (M Cells)

A

located in ileum only. specialized epithelial cells that cover peyer’s patches. basement membrane beneath M cells is discontinuous.

51
Q

GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue)

A

25% of the mucosa in the gut is GALT. peyer’s patches are groups of 20-40 lympatic nodules found exclusively in ileum. IgA is made by plasma cells. SC made by absorptive cells binds IgA dimers to make IgA

52
Q

differences between duodenum, jejunum, and ileum

A

D has brunner’s glands in submucosa and squat villi.

Jejunum has most developed plicae circularis, more goblet cells, and more slender villi.

Ileum has longest villi, most goblet cells, and peyer’s patches

53
Q

plicae circulares

A

circular folds that are permanent transverse folds of the mucosa and submucosa

54
Q

major functions of large intestine

A

absorption of water, salts, minerals, vitamins. mucus secretion. storage and elimination of fecal matter

55
Q

colon/cecum

A

plicae semilunares are temporary folds of mucosa and submucosa. no villi, only crypts of lieberkuhn in mucosa. outer longitudinal smooth muscle thickened into three bands (taenia coli)

56
Q

appendix

A

lymph nodules, no taenia coli.

57
Q

rectum

A

upper rectum and anal canal

58
Q

upper rectum

A

resembles colon except there is no taenia coli

59
Q

anal canal

A

has epithelial changes and internal / external anal sphincters

60
Q

liver

A

2nd largest organ, enclosed in glisson’s capsule, divided into four lobes

61
Q

liver physiology

A

synth of plasma proteins, storage of several vitamins and iron, degrade drugs and toxins, bile production

62
Q

blood supply to liver

A

75% from hepatic portal vein (no oxygen, high nutrient/hormone)

25% from hepatic artery (oxygenated)

63
Q

space of mall

A

contains the components of the triad

64
Q

portal triad

A

portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

65
Q

classic liver lobule

A

hexagonal cylinder. terminal hepatic venule (central vein) at the center

66
Q

portal lobule

A

portal canal at center. emphasizes the exocrine function of bile secretion. triangular in shape

67
Q

liver acinus

A

lozenge/football shape. provides insights into blood perfusion, metabolic activity, and liver pathology. 3 zones of blood flow

68
Q

hepatic sinusoids

A

discontinuous sinusoidal capillaries with large fenestrae and gaps between the endothelial cells. Kupffer cells form part of wall and occupy lumen

69
Q

perosinusoidal space (space of disse)

A

site of exchange between blood and liver cells. Ito cells store vitamin A and reside in this space. hepatocytes have numerous microvilli projecting into this space

70
Q

hepatocytes

A

polygonal. large, spherical central nuclei with prominent nucleoli. binucleate and polyploid nuclei. mostly tetraploid in adult liver. long 5 month life span

71
Q

biliary tree

A

bile flows outward from the center of the classic liver lobule

72
Q

bile composition

A

water, phospholipids and cholesterol, bile salts, bile pigments, electrolytes

73
Q

gall bladder

A

hollow organ that holds 50 mL. stores and concentrates bile 10 fold. has a single duct (cystic duct)

74
Q

mucosa of gall bladder

A

mucosa with lamina propria, muscularis, and serosa OR adventitia. no muscularis mucosae or submucosa

MS1 Unit 7 (3 decks)

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