Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Part 1 Boards > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotes

A

True Nucleus

E.g. Human cells, protozoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

No True Nucleus, No Organelles
No mitochondria
E.g. Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

IgA

A

Secretory antibody (mucosal antibody)
Mucous membrane (saliva, tears)
- buys time for body to ID invader
Found in Breast Milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

IgD

A

Helps IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

IgE

A

Parasitic infections
Allergic reactions
Increased in Hodgkin’s Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

IgG

A 
First to increase (second exposure)
Most numerous
Crosses placenta
Anamnestic response "without amnesia" 
- Body remembers disease and mounts same IgG response next time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

IgM

A

Pentamer (10 binding sites) non - specific
largest and heaviest
First to increase (first exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Inclusion bodies: Aschoff

A

Rheumatic fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diptheria

A

Grey pseudomembrane in throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inclusion bodies: Downey cell

A

Mononucleosis

Atypical lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Inclusion bodies: Gohn Comples

A

TB (inactive phase)

Calcium “jail” around mycobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Inclusion bodies: Guarneri Bodies

A

Small pox (various)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inclusion bodies: Gummas

A

Tertiary Syphilis

in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Inclusion bodies: Koplik spots

A

Measles - Rubeola/red measles

On Buccal mucosa white/bluish spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Inclusion bodies: Lewy Bodies

A

Parkinson’s aka Paralysis Agitans

Shuffling/festinating gait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inclusion bodies: Negri Bodies

A

Rabies (hydrophobia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Inclusion bodies: Reed Sternberg

A

Hodgkin’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Inclusion bodies: Russell Bodies

A

In plasma cells
consist of antibodies from chronic inflammation and malignant disorders
Multiple Myeloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Active Immunity

A

Makes own antibodies

must actively make antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

natural Active Immunity

A

Exposed to disease
body reacts
triggers antibody production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Artificial Active Immunity

A

Injection of attenuated organism

inactivated portion that triggers immune system to make antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Receives antibodies outside

Given antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Natural Passive Immunity

A

Given Ab in utero - IgG

breastfeeding - IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Artificial Passive Immunity

A

Injection of preformed antibodies

Pre-made antibody attacks circulating toxins not bound toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type I

A

Anaphylactic - Immediate
Rapid 12-30
Bronchial asthma (allergy), Bee sting, Hay fever
IgE, Mast cell, Basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type II

A 
Cytotoxic
Min - Hours
Goodpasteur's (Lung & Kidney)
Erythroblastosis fettles = coombs anemia
Blood transfusions
Myasthenia gravis
Grave's disease 
- IgG involved, Targets cell for phagocytosis
- 2 Things: Antigen & Antibody
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type III

A 
Immunecomplex mediated 
3-10 hours
Glomerulonephritis
Lupus
RA
Arthus Rxn = local necrosis
Serum sickness = systemic
- IgG & Complement
- 3 Things: Antigen & Antibody & Complememnt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Hypersensitivity Reaction Type IV

A 
Delayed
Hyper-sensitivity (aka cell-mediated aka cellular)
48 hours
TB
Contact dermatitis
Transplat rejection
- T-Cells
- Lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Autotroph

A

eats inorganic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Heterotroph

A

eats organic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Saprophyte

A

eats dead/decaying material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Parasite

A

eats off living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Facultative

A

Presence OR absence of O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Obligate

A

Only one environment, not the other (O2 only or no O2 only)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Microaerophilic

A

Reduced O2 envrionments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Symbiosis

A

2 populations living together one or both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Mutualism

A

2 populations living together both benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Synergism

A

2 populations living together both benefit and both a accomplish what neither can do alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Commensalism

A

2 populations living together one benefits and the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Zoonosis

A

transfer of disease from animal to human

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Emerging

A

New disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence or geographic range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Endemic

A

Small number of cases in specific location.

Present all the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Epidemic

A

Rapidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Etiology

A

Study of the cause of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Incidence

A

of NEW cases in a given time period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Pandemic

A

More than expected # of cases of a disease worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Prevalence

A

TOTAL # of new cases at a particular point in time

48
Q

Leading cause of death: Infants

A

Congenital Malformations

Prematurity

49
Q

Leading cause of death: Adults in US

A 
Heart Disease
Cancer
Stroke
Respiratory infection
Accidents
50
Q

Leading cause of death: Worldwide

A

TB

Malaria

51
Q

Flatworm: Tapeworm

A

Common Name: Cestodes
Body Shape: Long ribbon-like body
Segmented, egg generating

52
Q

Helminth

A

Parasitic worm
Ukaratioc
Nucleated
Cause body to release IgE

53
Q

Dwarf Tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis nana
Vector: Mouth - eggs
S/Sx: Diarrhea

54
Q

Beef Tapeworm

A

Taenia Saginata

Vector: Uncooked beef

55
Q

Pork Tapeworm

A

Taenia solium
Vector: uncooked pork
S/Sx Cysticercosis: Larvae containing cysts in the liver, eye, brain

56
Q

Fish Tapeworm

A

Diphyllobothrium
Vector: Mouth - Fresh water fish, pacific NW salmon
S/Sx: May cause pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)

57
Q

Dog Tapeworm

A

Echinococcus granulous
Vector: Canine feces - dogs/wolves
S/Sx: Hydatid cysts in liver and lung

58
Q

Blood Fluke

A 
Shistosoma japonicum
AKA Liver or Asian Fluke
Vector: Infested water, penetrates unbroken skin
Host: Snail poop
S/Sx: Swimmer's itch
M.C.C. of death by helminth worldwide
Inhabits Liver
59
Q

Intestinal Fluke

A

Fasciolopsis buski
Vector: Aquatic plants
S/Sx: Contaminated snail feces gets onto plants

60
Q

Liver Fluke (fish)

A

Clonorchis sinensis
Vector: Raw contaminated fish
S/Sx: Primarily inserts in the biliary/ pancreatic duct

61
Q

Liver Fluke (Plants)

A

Fasciolopsis hepatica
Vector: Contaminated aquatic plants
S/Sx: Hemoptysis, effects liver

62
Q

Pulmonary (lung) Fluke

A

Paragonimus westermani

Vector: Crayfish

63
Q

Flatworm: Fluke

A

Trematode

Flat ovoid body

64
Q

Roundworm

A

Nematode
Cylindrical
unsegmented, long

65
Q

Ascariasis Roundworm

A 
Ascaris lumbricoides
Vector: oral-fecal
S/Sx: colicky pain, lives in small intstine
M.C roundworm
M.C. Helminthic infection worldwide
66
Q

Filiariasis Roundworm

A

Wuchereria bancrofti
Vector: Mosquitoes
S/Sx: Elephantitis, lymphatic blockage

67
Q

Pineworm Roundworm

A 
Enterobius vermicularis
Aka Threadworm
Vector: Anus-finger-mouth
S/Sx: Nocturnal anal itching
Scotch tape or anal cellophane test to demonstrate eggs
M.C. Helminth in the US
68
Q

River Blindness Roundworm

A

Onchocerca volvulus
Vector: Flies
S/Sx: irritation of cornea, ulcer
African

69
Q

River Eye Worm Roundworm

A

Loa loa
AKA African eye worm
Vector: Flies

70
Q

Trichinosis Roundworm

A

Trichonella spiralis
Vector: Raw pork
S/Sx: Lives in striated muscles, intercostals, diaphragm, gastrocnemius
Dx: by xray, biopsy muscle to confirm

71
Q

Whipworm Roundworm

A

Trichuris trichina
Vector: Oral - fecal
S/Sx: large bowl obstruction
Weight loss

72
Q

Capsomere

A

a subunit of the protein coat of a virus particle

73
Q

Viroid

A

ssRNA (single strand)
Infects plants
smaller than a virus

74
Q

Virus

A

DNA or RNA

contains one of the other

75
Q

Virus Transmission

A

M.C. transmitted or acquired via the respiratory system

76
Q

Arboviruses/Arthropod borne virus Transmission

A

Mosquitoes

77
Q

AIDS Transmission

A

Sexual transmission

IV drugs

78
Q

Polio Transmission

A

Oral/Fecal

79
Q

Rabies Transmission

A

Bite from infected animal

80
Q

Wart Transmission

A

skin contact

81
Q

Hepatitis A Transmission

A

Oral Fecal
RNA
“get it, get over it”

82
Q

Hepatitis B Transmission

A 
Sexual transmission, IV drugs
Carrier for life 
Liver cancer 
DNA ONLY
Most lethal in acute phase, endemic in asian culture
83
Q

Hepatitis C Transmission

A 
Transfusions, tattooing
Carrier for life
Liver cancer
RNA
AKA non-A non-B Hepatitis
Screen blood
84
Q

Herpes Simplex Type 1

A

Fever blisters (cold sores)
“above the belt”
Hides in 1 specific ganglion
M.C. Trigeminal aka Gasserion

85
Q

Herpes Simplex Type 2

A

Genital Herpes

“Below the belt”

86
Q

Herpes zoster

A

Shingles in adults
does not cross midline, follows dermatome
Hides in DRG
Stressfull times lower immunity - shingles appear

87
Q

Molluscum contagiosum

A

Pink cauliflower lesion on genitalia

88
Q

Papovavirus

A

AKA apaillomavirus
Warts
Transmitted by casual contact - persistent

89
Q

Rubella

A

German measles aka 3 day measles

cause congenital rubella syndrome: limb malformation

90
Q

Rubeola

A

Red measles - “Ruby Red”
Koplik spots on buccal mucosa
3 Cs: cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, dehydration

91
Q

Vaccinia

A

cow pox

Used for first small pox vaccines

92
Q

Varicella

A

Chicken pox
maculopapularvesicular rash
red, elevated and fluid filled skin lesion

93
Q

Variola

A

small pox

Guarneri bodies

94
Q

Coxsackie

A

Childhood dysentery

Hand, foot, mouth disease

95
Q

Echovirus

A

skin rash and heart disease

orphan virus

96
Q

Hantavirus

A

spread by rodents, chipmunks

97
Q

Polio

A

spread by oral/fecal contamination
affects anterior horn (alpha motor) Paraphylsis
Bulbar (brainstem) produces respiratory paralysis (CN 3-5) major cause of death

98
Q

Adenovirus

A

Causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis

Dangerous for imunocompriomised

99
Q

Influenza

A 
has antigenic (mutengenic) shift/drift (high rate of mutation)
Small mutation - drift, big mutation - shift
100
Q

Mumps

A

sidomegalic paramyxoid virus
pleomorphic (many shapes)
Parotiditis
may cause sterility from orchitis or oophoritis
May lead to lower motor neuron disease of CN7 (bells palsy

101
Q

RSV

A

Respiratory Syncytial Virus

causes croup & bronchiolitis

102
Q

Early 20th century pandemic

A

Spanish flu

103
Q

Early 21th century pandemic

A

swine flu (H1N1)

104
Q

Hepatitis D

A 
Co-infection with Hep B
Carrier for Life
Liver Cancer
RNA
aka DANE Particle
only replicates in presence of Hep B
105
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

A

Latent/persistent/ opportunistic
spread by body fluids, may cause birth defects
only dangerous for IMC patients
Disseminated disease in AIDS patients

106
Q

Rabies

A

“bullet” shaped under electron microscope
RNA, rhabdo virus
spread by bite
Negri bodies in brain create hydrophobia

107
Q

Reyes Syndrome

A

Negative reaction to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid - ASA)
taken for viral infection
causes fatty liver and encephalopathy - severe brain swelling
can be fatal

108
Q

ZIka

A 
Most dangerous currently
Flaviviridae
Vector: mosquito (aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus)
First found in the Zika forest of Uganda
Sx: mild Dengue Fever, microcephaly
109
Q

Chikungunya

A

Togaviridae
Vector: mosquito (aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus)
Found in the tropics/caribbean
Sx: fever, severe joint pain/stiffness

110
Q

Ebola

A

Filoviridae
Zoonotic - originally from Africa
Sx: flu-like, weakness, diarrhea, hemorrhaging

111
Q

AIDS

A

Retro virus - HIV
Reverse transcriptase RNA -> DNA
CD4 cellos affected - less than 200 cells/
T-Helper cells “quarterback” of immune system
Complication: latent/persistent infection - opportunistic secondary infection

112
Q

AIDS: Pneumocystis carinii

A 
#1 parasitic infection in AIDS
#1 cause of death in AIDS from pneumonia infection
113
Q

AIDS: Toxoplasmosis

A 
#1 parasitic infection in AIDS
#1 protozoal infection in AIDS
spread by cat feces
114
Q

AIDS: Kaposi sarcoma

A

1 death by cancer in AIDS (may also get non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)

115
Q

AIDS: Giardia lamblia

A

causes mucous diarrhea

protozoal infection

116
Q

Bubonic Plague

A 
"Black death"
Yersinia pestis aka Pasteurella pestis 
Arbo-bacteria 
Rat flea - Xenopsylla cheopis
Swellen (bubos) neck and axillary lymph node enlargement
death by asphyxiation
117
Q

Tuleremia

A 
Francisella tularensis
Arbo-bacteria
Rabbines 
Pneumonic "the french rabbits smell tulips" 
hunters at risk

Part 1 Boards (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions