Micro Flashcards
Eukaryotes
True Nucleus
E.g. Human cells, protozoa
Prokaryotes
No True Nucleus, No Organelles
No mitochondria
E.g. Bacteria
IgA
Secretory antibody (mucosal antibody)
Mucous membrane (saliva, tears)
- buys time for body to ID invader
Found in Breast Milk
IgD
Helps IgG
IgE
Parasitic infections
Allergic reactions
Increased in Hodgkin’s Disease
IgG
First to increase (second exposure) Most numerous Crosses placenta Anamnestic response "without amnesia" - Body remembers disease and mounts same IgG response next time
IgM
Pentamer (10 binding sites) non - specific
largest and heaviest
First to increase (first exposure
Inclusion bodies: Aschoff
Rheumatic fever
Diptheria
Grey pseudomembrane in throat
Inclusion bodies: Downey cell
Mononucleosis
Atypical lymphocytes
Inclusion bodies: Gohn Comples
TB (inactive phase)
Calcium “jail” around mycobacterium
Inclusion bodies: Guarneri Bodies
Small pox (various)
Inclusion bodies: Gummas
Tertiary Syphilis
in brain
Inclusion bodies: Koplik spots
Measles - Rubeola/red measles
On Buccal mucosa white/bluish spots
Inclusion bodies: Lewy Bodies
Parkinson’s aka Paralysis Agitans
Shuffling/festinating gait
Inclusion bodies: Negri Bodies
Rabies (hydrophobia)
Inclusion bodies: Reed Sternberg
Hodgkin’s
Inclusion bodies: Russell Bodies
In plasma cells
consist of antibodies from chronic inflammation and malignant disorders
Multiple Myeloma
Active Immunity
Makes own antibodies
must actively make antibodies
natural Active Immunity
Exposed to disease
body reacts
triggers antibody production
Artificial Active Immunity
Injection of attenuated organism
inactivated portion that triggers immune system to make antibody
Passive Immunity
Receives antibodies outside
Given antibodies
Natural Passive Immunity
Given Ab in utero - IgG
breastfeeding - IgA
Artificial Passive Immunity
Injection of preformed antibodies
Pre-made antibody attacks circulating toxins not bound toxins
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type I
Anaphylactic - Immediate
Rapid 12-30
Bronchial asthma (allergy), Bee sting, Hay fever
IgE, Mast cell, Basophils
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type II
Cytotoxic Min - Hours Goodpasteur's (Lung & Kidney) Erythroblastosis fettles = coombs anemia Blood transfusions Myasthenia gravis Grave's disease - IgG involved, Targets cell for phagocytosis - 2 Things: Antigen & Antibody
Hypersensitivity Reaction: Type III
Immunecomplex mediated 3-10 hours Glomerulonephritis Lupus RA Arthus Rxn = local necrosis Serum sickness = systemic - IgG & Complement - 3 Things: Antigen & Antibody & Complememnt
Hypersensitivity Reaction Type IV
Delayed Hyper-sensitivity (aka cell-mediated aka cellular) 48 hours TB Contact dermatitis Transplat rejection - T-Cells - Lymphocytes
Autotroph
eats inorganic material
Heterotroph
eats organic material
Saprophyte
eats dead/decaying material
Parasite
eats off living organisms
Facultative
Presence OR absence of O2
Obligate
Only one environment, not the other (O2 only or no O2 only)
Microaerophilic
Reduced O2 envrionments
Symbiosis
2 populations living together one or both benefit
Mutualism
2 populations living together both benefit
Synergism
2 populations living together both benefit and both a accomplish what neither can do alone
Commensalism
2 populations living together one benefits and the other is unaffected
Zoonosis
transfer of disease from animal to human
Emerging
New disease or rapid increase of a disease in incidence or geographic range
Endemic
Small number of cases in specific location.
Present all the time
Epidemic
Rapidly affects many persons in a certain area within a few days or weeks
Etiology
Study of the cause of disease
Incidence
of NEW cases in a given time period
Pandemic
More than expected # of cases of a disease worldwide
Prevalence
TOTAL # of new cases at a particular point in time
Leading cause of death: Infants
Congenital Malformations
Prematurity
Leading cause of death: Adults in US
Heart Disease Cancer Stroke Respiratory infection Accidents
Leading cause of death: Worldwide
TB
Malaria
Flatworm: Tapeworm
Common Name: Cestodes
Body Shape: Long ribbon-like body
Segmented, egg generating
Helminth
Parasitic worm
Ukaratioc
Nucleated
Cause body to release IgE
Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana
Vector: Mouth - eggs
S/Sx: Diarrhea
Beef Tapeworm
Taenia Saginata
Vector: Uncooked beef
Pork Tapeworm
Taenia solium
Vector: uncooked pork
S/Sx Cysticercosis: Larvae containing cysts in the liver, eye, brain
Fish Tapeworm
Diphyllobothrium
Vector: Mouth - Fresh water fish, pacific NW salmon
S/Sx: May cause pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency)
Dog Tapeworm
Echinococcus granulous
Vector: Canine feces - dogs/wolves
S/Sx: Hydatid cysts in liver and lung
Blood Fluke
Shistosoma japonicum AKA Liver or Asian Fluke Vector: Infested water, penetrates unbroken skin Host: Snail poop S/Sx: Swimmer's itch M.C.C. of death by helminth worldwide Inhabits Liver
Intestinal Fluke
Fasciolopsis buski
Vector: Aquatic plants
S/Sx: Contaminated snail feces gets onto plants
Liver Fluke (fish)
Clonorchis sinensis
Vector: Raw contaminated fish
S/Sx: Primarily inserts in the biliary/ pancreatic duct
Liver Fluke (Plants)
Fasciolopsis hepatica
Vector: Contaminated aquatic plants
S/Sx: Hemoptysis, effects liver
Pulmonary (lung) Fluke
Paragonimus westermani
Vector: Crayfish
Flatworm: Fluke
Trematode
Flat ovoid body
Roundworm
Nematode
Cylindrical
unsegmented, long
Ascariasis Roundworm
Ascaris lumbricoides Vector: oral-fecal S/Sx: colicky pain, lives in small intstine M.C roundworm M.C. Helminthic infection worldwide
Filiariasis Roundworm
Wuchereria bancrofti
Vector: Mosquitoes
S/Sx: Elephantitis, lymphatic blockage
Pineworm Roundworm
Enterobius vermicularis Aka Threadworm Vector: Anus-finger-mouth S/Sx: Nocturnal anal itching Scotch tape or anal cellophane test to demonstrate eggs M.C. Helminth in the US
River Blindness Roundworm
Onchocerca volvulus
Vector: Flies
S/Sx: irritation of cornea, ulcer
African
River Eye Worm Roundworm
Loa loa
AKA African eye worm
Vector: Flies
Trichinosis Roundworm
Trichonella spiralis
Vector: Raw pork
S/Sx: Lives in striated muscles, intercostals, diaphragm, gastrocnemius
Dx: by xray, biopsy muscle to confirm
Whipworm Roundworm
Trichuris trichina
Vector: Oral - fecal
S/Sx: large bowl obstruction
Weight loss
Capsomere
a subunit of the protein coat of a virus particle
Viroid
ssRNA (single strand)
Infects plants
smaller than a virus
Virus
DNA or RNA
contains one of the other
Virus Transmission
M.C. transmitted or acquired via the respiratory system
Arboviruses/Arthropod borne virus Transmission
Mosquitoes
AIDS Transmission
Sexual transmission
IV drugs
Polio Transmission
Oral/Fecal
Rabies Transmission
Bite from infected animal
Wart Transmission
skin contact
Hepatitis A Transmission
Oral Fecal
RNA
“get it, get over it”
Hepatitis B Transmission
Sexual transmission, IV drugs Carrier for life Liver cancer DNA ONLY Most lethal in acute phase, endemic in asian culture
Hepatitis C Transmission
Transfusions, tattooing Carrier for life Liver cancer RNA AKA non-A non-B Hepatitis Screen blood
Herpes Simplex Type 1
Fever blisters (cold sores)
“above the belt”
Hides in 1 specific ganglion
M.C. Trigeminal aka Gasserion
Herpes Simplex Type 2
Genital Herpes
“Below the belt”
Herpes zoster
Shingles in adults
does not cross midline, follows dermatome
Hides in DRG
Stressfull times lower immunity - shingles appear
Molluscum contagiosum
Pink cauliflower lesion on genitalia
Papovavirus
AKA apaillomavirus
Warts
Transmitted by casual contact - persistent
Rubella
German measles aka 3 day measles
cause congenital rubella syndrome: limb malformation
Rubeola
Red measles - “Ruby Red”
Koplik spots on buccal mucosa
3 Cs: cough, coryza (runny nose), conjunctivitis, dehydration
Vaccinia
cow pox
Used for first small pox vaccines
Varicella
Chicken pox
maculopapularvesicular rash
red, elevated and fluid filled skin lesion
Variola
small pox
Guarneri bodies
Coxsackie
Childhood dysentery
Hand, foot, mouth disease
Echovirus
skin rash and heart disease
orphan virus
Hantavirus
spread by rodents, chipmunks
Polio
spread by oral/fecal contamination
affects anterior horn (alpha motor) Paraphylsis
Bulbar (brainstem) produces respiratory paralysis (CN 3-5) major cause of death
Adenovirus
Causes conjunctivitis, pharyngitis
Dangerous for imunocompriomised
Influenza
has antigenic (mutengenic) shift/drift (high rate of mutation) Small mutation - drift, big mutation - shift
Mumps
sidomegalic paramyxoid virus
pleomorphic (many shapes)
Parotiditis
may cause sterility from orchitis or oophoritis
May lead to lower motor neuron disease of CN7 (bells palsy
RSV
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
causes croup & bronchiolitis
Early 20th century pandemic
Spanish flu
Early 21th century pandemic
swine flu (H1N1)
Hepatitis D
Co-infection with Hep B Carrier for Life Liver Cancer RNA aka DANE Particle only replicates in presence of Hep B
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Latent/persistent/ opportunistic
spread by body fluids, may cause birth defects
only dangerous for IMC patients
Disseminated disease in AIDS patients
Rabies
“bullet” shaped under electron microscope
RNA, rhabdo virus
spread by bite
Negri bodies in brain create hydrophobia
Reyes Syndrome
Negative reaction to aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid - ASA)
taken for viral infection
causes fatty liver and encephalopathy - severe brain swelling
can be fatal
ZIka
Most dangerous currently Flaviviridae Vector: mosquito (aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus) First found in the Zika forest of Uganda Sx: mild Dengue Fever, microcephaly
Chikungunya
Togaviridae
Vector: mosquito (aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus)
Found in the tropics/caribbean
Sx: fever, severe joint pain/stiffness
Ebola
Filoviridae
Zoonotic - originally from Africa
Sx: flu-like, weakness, diarrhea, hemorrhaging
AIDS
Retro virus - HIV
Reverse transcriptase RNA -> DNA
CD4 cellos affected - less than 200 cells/
T-Helper cells “quarterback” of immune system
Complication: latent/persistent infection - opportunistic secondary infection
AIDS: Pneumocystis carinii
#1 parasitic infection in AIDS #1 cause of death in AIDS from pneumonia infection
AIDS: Toxoplasmosis
#1 parasitic infection in AIDS #1 protozoal infection in AIDS spread by cat feces
AIDS: Kaposi sarcoma
1 death by cancer in AIDS (may also get non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)
AIDS: Giardia lamblia
causes mucous diarrhea
protozoal infection
Bubonic Plague
"Black death" Yersinia pestis aka Pasteurella pestis Arbo-bacteria Rat flea - Xenopsylla cheopis Swellen (bubos) neck and axillary lymph node enlargement death by asphyxiation
Tuleremia
Francisella tularensis Arbo-bacteria Rabbines Pneumonic "the french rabbits smell tulips" hunters at risk
