Micro

Question 1

pathologist

Answer 1

studies the structure & functional manifestations of disease & are involved in diagnosing diseases in human populations and ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases in population.

Question 2

epidemiologist

Answer 2

studies factors that determine the frequency, distribution, determinants of disease in human populations. Concerned with the who, what, when, where, why with all types of diseases. They also study how can diseases be prevented, controlled, or eradicated.

Question 3

infectious disease

Answer 3

a disease that is caused by a PATHOGEN.

Question 4

communicable disease

Answer 4

transmitted from one human to another

Question 5

contagious

Answer 5

a communicable disease that is EASILY transmitted from one person to another. (ex. flu)

Question 6

sporadic disease

Answer 6

occurs OCCASIONALLY in the population of a particular geographic area. normally is kept under control due to immunizations and sanitation. Outbreaks occur when vaccinations are neglected.

Question 7

endemic disease

Answer 7

always present in population of particular geographic area. # of cases fluctuates, never dies out. (TB, STD’s, colds, etc.)

Question 8

pandemic disease

Answer 8

occurs in many countries simultaneously, sometimes worldwide. (Spanish flu of 1918)

Question 9

chain of infection

Answer 9

there must be: pathogen, source/reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

Question 10

ways to break the chain of infection

Answer 10

prevent contact, eliminate means of transmission, & block exposure. all can be done with hand hygiene, good nutrition, rest, immunizations, gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, & PPE.

Question 11

human carriers

Answer 11

a person who is colonized with a particular pathogen, but the pathogen is not currently causing disease.

Question 12

passive carriers

Answer 12

carry the pathogen without ever having the disease

Question 13

incubatory carriers

Answer 13

a person who is capable of transmitting a pathogen during the INCUBATION period

Question 14

convalescent carriers

Answer 14

harbor and can transmit a particular pathogen while RECOVERING from an infectious disease

Question 15

active carriers

Answer 15

have completely recovered from the disease but continue to harbor the pathogen indefinitely.

Question 16

Typhoid mary

Answer 16

carried salmonella typhi in her gallbladder. (was an example of an active carrier)

Question 17

zoonosis

Answer 17

acquired by direct contact with the animal. by ingestion or inhalation of the pathogen. also by injection of the pathogen by an arthropod vector.

Question 18

rabies

Answer 18

transmitted by saliva if bitten by an infected animal

Question 19

toxoplasmosis

Answer 19

transmitted by ingesting cat feces.

Question 20

skin-to-skin

Answer 20

somone who blows their nose but doesn’t wash their hands and passes their cold virus

Question 21

mucous membrane-to-mucous membrane

Answer 21

kissing or sexual contact (STD’s)

Question 22

airborne

Answer 22

dispersal of droplet nuclei, residue of evaporated droplets. (TB)

Question 23

DROPLETS

Answer 23

(coughing, sneezing, even talking)

Question 24

bacillus anthracis

Answer 24

(anthrax) infects via; aerosol, skin contact, or ingestion. sent by mail to politicians in 2001

Question 25

clostridium botulinum

Answer 25

(botulism) could be put in food or water. only requires a very small amount. extremely fatal. causes; nerve damage, visual difficulty, respiratory failure, flaccid paralysis of voluntary muscles, brain damage, coma, and death within a week.

Question 26

variola major

Answer 26

(small pox) eradicated in 1980, vaccination is no longer routine but emergency vaccines still exist.

Question 27

yersinia pestis

Answer 27

(plague) usually transmitted to humans via a flea bite

Question 28

primary sewage treatment step

Answer 28

screening, skimming, settling out primary sludge. large debris are filtered.

Question 29

secondary sewage treatment step

Answer 29

aeration, sludge removal, trickling, and disenfection.

Question 30

tertiary sewage treatment step

Answer 30

very expensive. used when water is scarce. involves additional purification to enable water to be used for drinking.

Question 31

coliform count

Answer 31

checks for presence of coliforms. includes E coli and other gut bacteria. presence of this in water confirms fecal contaminitaion. less than 1 colliform per 100mL is safe for drinking

Question 32

Healthcare associated infections (HAI’s)

Answer 32

acquired inside hospital or other healthcare facilities

Question 33

Iatrogenic infection

Answer 33

result of medical or surgical treatment. a type of HAI but is received directly from the health care worker

Question 34

community aquired infection

Answer 34

acquired outside the healthcare facility

Question 35

4 most common HAIs

Answer 35

UTIs, surgical site infections, lower respiratory tract infections, bloodstream infections.

Question 36

major factors contributing to HAI

Answer 36

increasing number of drug resistant pathogens, failure of healthcare personnel to follow infection control guidelines, increase in immuno-compromised patients.

Question 37

Clostridium difficile

Answer 37

(C-DIFF) most common HAI.

Question 38

1 kg = ???lbs

Answer 38

2.2lbs = 1kg