Micro 3

Question 1

what pathogens cause Loefler’s syndrome (eosinophilic pneumonia)

Answer 1

parasitic infection:
1- Ascaris lumbricoides
2- Strongyloides stercoralis
3- Hookworms:
a- Ancylostoma duodenale
b- Necator americanus

Question 2

what causes acute suppurative parotitis and how to treat it?

Answer 2

S. aureus
you give cloxacillin

Question 3

what microbe causes Lemierre’s syndrome

Answer 3

Fusobacterium necrophorum (GNB, obligate anaerobe)

Question 4

what is the triad of Kartagener syndrome (PCD)

Answer 4

‘primary ciliary dyskinesia’
triad: chronic sinusitis + bronchiectasis + situs inversus

Question 5

what is the clinical scenario of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS)

Answer 5

initiation of ART(antiretroviral therapy) in HIV patients on
effective anti-TB treatment → TB clinical deterioration & widespread
granulomata

Question 6

what are some opportunistic fungal lung infections?

Answer 6

1- Aspergillus
2- Mucor
3- Candida
4- Cryptococcus
5- Pneumocystis jirovecii

Question 7

what is the infectious stage of Histoplasma capsulatum?

Answer 7

Microconidia

Question 8

what is the diagnostic stage of Histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 8

macroconidia

Question 9

what ecological niche and associated activities with Histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 9

ecological niche: soil contaminated with bird droppings
associated activities: caves exploration and construction

Question 10

how to confirm the diagnosis of Histoplasma capsulatum

Answer 10

Snowstorm appearance on lung CT
immunodiffusion for precipitins:
▪ M band: past or present disease
▪ H band: active disease

Question 11

what is Blastomyces dermatitidis related to (activities)

Answer 11

collecting wood,

Question 12

what is the diagnostic stage in Blastomyces dermatitidis

Answer 12

lollipop-like mitochondria
- yeast (BBBB): Broad-Based Budding Blastomyces

Question 13

what is the diagnostic stage of Coccidioides immits?

Answer 13

in mold: box car appearance
in yeast: Spherule

Question 14

what is the diagnostic stage of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis?

Answer 14

yeast: mariner’s (captain) wheel yeast or mickey mouse ears
mold is not diagnostic

Question 15

what is the clinical picture of Paracoccidioidomycosis (triad)

Answer 15

• Pulmonary lesion
  ▪ Edentulous mouth
  ▪ Cervical lymphadenopathy

Question 16

what is the diagnostic stage of Penicillium marneffei

Answer 16

mold:
colonies on SDA with diffusable red pigment

Question 17

what is the most common cause of pulmonary infections in
immunocompromised patients?

Answer 17

Aspergillus fumigatus

Question 18

what is the microscopic appearance of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae? 4

Answer 18

➔ not dimorphic (only mold)
➔ Septate hyaline white
➔ Parallel walls to each other
➔ Radiate from a single point: V-shape (dichotomous) > angle is 45 degrees

Question 19

what do we see in invasive aspergillosis?

Answer 19

high levels of galactomannan Ags

Question 20

what species is bread mold

Answer 20

Mucro spp. = zygomycetes

Question 21

describe the characteristics of bread mold’s hyphae

Answer 21

non-septate, un-parallel walls, don’t radiate from a single point with right-angled 90º branches

Question 22

what area does Mucromycosis typically involve?

Answer 22

rhino-facial-cranial area

Question 23

how can humans get infected by cryptococcus neoformans

Answer 23

by inhalation of basidiospores in soil containing droppings of pigeons

Question 24

what shape is cryptococcus neoformans yeast’s budding

Answer 24

teardrop shaped

Question 25

describe the exudate in Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Answer 25

frothy intra-alveolar exudate

Question 26

what is elevated in Pneumocystis jirovecii infection

Answer 26

Elevated 1,3- beta-D-glucan level

Question 27

what disease is angiotropic?

Answer 27

Mucormycosis