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Microbiology > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

0
Q

Prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
1. Cell wall containing peptidoglycan

  1. Membrane bound organelle
  2. Mitotic division
A
  1. Prokaryote

2 & 3. Eukaryote

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1
Q

Size of ribosome of prokaryotes & eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes 70s (50s + 30s)

Eukaryotes 80s (60s + 40s)

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2
Q

Which of pathogenic microorganisms is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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3
Q

Mobile genetic elemets, DNA piece that readily move from one site to another.

Also known as

A

Transposons aka jumping genes

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4
Q

Vacuolated neurons with loss of function and the lack of an immune response or inflammation

A

Spongiform encephalopathies

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5
Q

You can get it by cannibalism with cerebellar dyafunction (ex dystaxia)

A

Kuru

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6
Q

Bovinee spongiform encephalopathy(BSE)

A

Mad cow disease

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7
Q

Bacteria that are spirochetes

A

B-L-T

Bornelia
Treponema
Leptospira

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8
Q
  1. Smallest bacteria
  2. Largest bacteria
  3. Largest bacteria that is medically important
A
  1. Mycoplasma sp
  2. Thiomargarita namibiensis
  3. Bamelia burgdorferi
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9
Q

All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except

A

Mycoplasma

Sugar backbone (glycan) + peptide side chains (peptido) cross linked by transpeptidazd

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10
Q

All gram positive bacteria have NO Endotoxin except

A

Listeria monocytogenis

  • gram negative cells contains endotoxin, has Lipopolysaccharide & Periplasmic space
  • gram positive cells have techoic acids
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11
Q

Gram staining

Primary stain

Mordant

Decolorizing agent

Counterstain

A

Crystal violet

Iodine

Alcohol/ acetone

Safranin

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12
Q

Bacteria not seen in gram stain

  1. Mycobacteria
  2. Spirochetes
  3. Mycoplasma spp
  4. Legionella spp
  5. Chlamydia
  6. Rickettsia
A
  1. Acid fast stain
  2. Darkfield microscopy
  3. None
  4. Silver stain
  5. Inclusion bodies
  6. Giemsa / tissue stain
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13
Q

Invagination of plasma membrane and participation in cell division and secretion

A

Mesosome

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14
Q

All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide except

A

Bacillus anthracis (polypeptide of D-glutamate)

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15
Q

Bacterial growth curve

Phase 1-3 enumerate

Phase with zero growth rate, adaptation to new environment

Phase with rapid cell division

A

Phase 1 lag phase
Phase 2 log or exponential phase
Phase 3 maximum stationary phase
Phase 4 decline or death phase

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16
Q

Phase with exhaustion of nutrients of the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely (zero growth rate); spores are formed

A

Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase

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17
Q

Phase where most cells die because nutrients have been exhausted (negative growth rate)

A

Phase 4: decline or death phase

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18
Q

Oxygen metabolic generates toxic products such as _____ & ______

A

Superoxide & hydrogen peroxidase

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19
Q

Are neesed to survive in aerobic environments

A

Superoxide dismutase, peroxidase & catalase

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20
Q

2 aerobic

3 anaerobic

A
  1. Obligate aerobes
    Microaerophiles
  2. Facultative anaerobes
    Aerotolerant anaerobes
    Obligate anaerobes
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21
Q
  1. Utilize oxygen if it present, but can use fermentation in its absence
  2. Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen
  3. Use fermention but can tolerate low amounts bec they have superoxide desmutase
A
  1. Facultative anaerobes
  2. Obligate anaerobes
  3. Microaerophiles
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22
Q
  1. Exclusive anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen
A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

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23
Q 
Remember:
Obligate anaerobes
1. Actinomyces
2. Bacteroides
3. Clostridium
A

Obligate aerobes

  1. Neisseria
  2. Mycoplasma pneumonia
  3. Leptospira
  4. Pseudomonas
  5. Mycobacterium
  6. Bordetella
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24
Q

A measure of a microbe’s ability to cause disease

A

Virulence

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25
Q

Surface proteins are called _____ and 2 examples with it

A

Curli (salmonella.& e.coli)

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26
Q

Enzyme in bacteria which destroys both neutrophilic leukocytes and macrophages

Spread through subcutaneous tissue

A

Leukocidin

Collagenase & hyaluronidase

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27
Q

Accelerated formation of a fibrin clot coating the organisms with a layer of fibrin

Allows adherence to mucous membrane

A

Coagulase

IgA protease

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28
Q

Bacteria with IgA protease

A

SHINe My Gong

strep pneumonia
haemophilus influenza
Neisserria meningitidis
Neisseria gonorrhea

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29
Q

Difference of exotoxin & endotoxin in

  1. Heat stability
  2. Vaccines
  3. Typical disease
A

Exotoxin Endotoxin

  1. Destroys rapidly 1. Stable at
    At 60c except staph. 100c for 1 hr
    Enterotoxin
  2. Toxoids. 2. No vaccines
  3. Tetanus, botulism. 3. Meningo
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30
Q
  1. Prevents complement activation

2. Widespread activation of the complement and coagulation cascades

A
  1. Protein A of S. Aureus

2. Superantugens

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31
Q
  1. All bacteria have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan except
  2. All bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharides except
A

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Bacillus anthracis

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32
Q

Agar of the following

  1. N. Gonorrhea from nonsterile areas
  2. N. Gonorrhea from sterile areas
  3. Haemophilus influenza
  4. Clostridium perfringens
  5. Corynebacterium diphtheriae
  6. Staph
  7. Group D strep
A
  1. Thayer-martin
  2. Chocolate
  3. Chocolate + factors x and v
  4. Egg yolk
  5. Tellurite
  6. Mannitol salts
  7. Bile esculin
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33
Q

Read:

Mycobacteria tb : lowenstein-jensen

Vibrio cholera : thiosulfate-cutrate bile salts

Bordetla pertussis : bordet-gengou

A

Legionella pneumophilia : charcoal-yeast extract

Campy & helicobacter : skirrows

Borrelia burgdoferi : barbour-stoenner kelly

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34
Q

Mycoplasma pneumonia : eaton

Pseudomonas aeruginoa : cetrimide

Salmonella, shigella : xylose-lysine -deoxycholate

A

Leptospira interrogans : ellinghausen-mccullough-johnson-harris / fletcher

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35
Q

Cause cartilage dame and arthropathy in children

A

Quinolones

36
Q

Bind to developing bone and tooth structurw, causing purplish brown discoloration of teeth, and even enamel hypoplasia

A

Tetracyclines

37
Q

Slow acetylators of INH is at risk for __________

Fast acetylators like filipinos, is at risk for ___________

A

Polyneuritis

Hepatoxicity

38
Q

2 drugs that binds to pus and get inactivated

A

Aminogycosides & polymixins

39
Q

3 drugs that do not pass BBBB even with inflammation

A

Polymixin
1st and 2nd gen cephalosporins
Amphotericin b

40
Q

Excellent for treatment of NCS infections w/ or w/o inflammation
-sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, fluconazole, rifampicin and isoniazid

A

Minimal or not good even with inflammation

-aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, lincosamides, macrolides

41
Q

Major components of immune system

A
  • b cell (antibody)
  • t cell
  • phagocytes
  • complement
42
Q

Recurrent infection with pyogenix bacteria indicate a ____ deficiency

Recurrent infections with fungi, viruses or protozoa indicate a ______ deficiency

A

B-cell deficiency

T-cell deficiency

43
Q

Other term for x-linked aggamaglobulinemia?

A

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

  • very low levels of immunoglobulins
  • virtual absence of B crll due to tyrosine kinase mutation
  • cell mediated immunity is normal
44
Q

Treatment for x-linked / brutos aggamaglobulinemia

A

Pooled gamma globulin

45
Q

Failure of isotype switching and recurrent bacterial sinus & lung infection.

Treatment?

A

Selective IgA deficiency

Treatment:

46
Q

Defect in b-cell maturation to plasma cells
Most common form of severe antibody deficiency affecting both children and adults
Treatment?

A

Common variable immunodeficiency

Tx: pooled gamma globulin

47
Q

Profound deficit of T cells
Failure of development of thymus and parathyroids
Due to a defect in 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches
Hummoral immunity is normal

A

Di george syndrome

-tetany due to hypocalcemia
Tx is transplant of fetal thymus

48
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

Catch-22

A 
Cardiac defect (TOF)
Abnormal facies
Thymic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcemia
22q11.2 chromosomal deletion
49
Q

Specific T-cell deficiency for Candida Albicans

Recurrent candidiasis in children

A

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Tx: azole antifungal drugs

50
Q

X-linked: defect in IL-2 receptors in T-cells

Autosomal: ADA deficiency

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

-recurrent infection in early infancy

Tx: bone marrow transplant

51
Q

x-linked (affects male infants)
Inability to mount IgM response
Wasp gene mutation

A

Wiskoyy-aldrich syndrome

Tx: bone marrow transplant

Tie a wasp
Thrombocytopenia
Infections
Eczem

52
Q

IgA deficiency
Ataxia, telangiectasia, IgA deficiency
Autosomal recessive disease
Mutations in DNA repair enzymes

A

a-t-i

Ataxia telangiectasia

Ataxia
Telangectasia
IgA deficiency

53
Q

Phagocyte disorder
Lack if nadph oxidase activity
Normal b and t cell

A

Chronic granulomatous

  • recurrent infection with catalase-positive bacteria
  • fungi

Tx: antibiotic chemop

54
Q

Autosomal recessive disease
Failure of phagolysosomal fusion
Faulty microtubules impair neutrophil chemotaxis

A

Chediak higashi syndrome

Tx antibotics
Recurrent pyogenic infxn caused by staph and strep

55
Q 
Autosomal recessive disease
Mutation in integrins
Defective adhesions (LFA-1) proteins on the surface phagocytes
A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

-delayed separation of umbilical cord
Severe pyogenic infxn in infancy

Tx: antibiotics

56
Q

2 complement disorders

A

Early complement deficiency
Terminal complement deficiency

Early - c2 & c3
Terminal c5-c9

57
Q

Most common complement defect and usually asymptomatic

Recurrent pyogenic infxns due to staph aureus

Inability to form membrane-attack complexes, neisseria meningitidis & gonorrhea

A

C2 deficiency

C3 deficiency

Terminal complement deficiency
Tx: vaccination

58
Q

Treatment for AIDS

A

Higly-active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)

Loss of cell mediated immunity
Infects and kills CD4 + helper T cells

59
Q

B cells yes for everything except

T cell yea for everythinh except

B cells and t cells

Phagocytes, yes for

Complement

A
  1. Except fungi
  2. Except bacteria
  3. Yes all
  4. Phagocytes yes for fungi and bacteria
  5. Yes for bacteria alone
60
Q

If catalase positive

If catalase negative

If coagulase positive

If coagulase negative

A
  1. Staphylococcus
  2. Streptococcus (chains)
  3. S. Aureus
  4. S. Epidermidis, S. Saprophyticus
    Novibiocin resistant, novobiocin sensitive
61
Q

Differentiate s. Epidermidis to S. Saphrophyticus

A

After novobiocin
S. sapro if resistant
S. Epidermidis if sensitive

Both catalase positive and coagulSe negative

62
Q

Gram positive cocci in grape like clusters
B-hemolytic yellow or golden colonies
Salt tolerant on mannitol salts agar

A

Staph aureus

Habitat: human nose and skin

Mupirocin to eradicate

63
Q

Virulence factor

  1. Protein A prevents complement activation
  2. Coagulase builds an insoluble fibrin capsule

Catalase detoxifies hydrogen peroxide

A

Hemolysins toxic to hemapoietic crlls

PV leukocidin specific for wbc

Penicillinase : inactivated penicillin derivatives

64
Q

3 diseases you’ll find strawberry tongue

A

Scarlet fever
Kawasaki disease
Toxic shock syndrome

65
Q

Novobiocin test

A

Novobiocin resistant - staph saprophyticus

Novobiocine sensitive - staph epidermidis

66
Q

Scalded skin syndrome

A

Riter disease

67
Q

2nd most common cause of UTIs in sexually active women

1st most common cause of utis

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

E. coli

68
Q
  1. Catalase negative, gamma hemolytic
  2. Catalase neg, beta hem, bacitracin resistant
  3. Catalase neg, beta hem, bacitracin sensitive
A

Group d strep

Strep agalactiae

Strep pyogenes

69
Q

Bile optochin sensitive?

Bile optochin resistant?

A. Step pneumoniae
B. Viridans streptococci

A
  1. A

2. B

70
Q

Positie PYR test

A

Strep pyogenes

Group D streptococci

71
Q

Protease that rapidly destroys tissue

A

Exotoxin B

72
Q

Antibody that decrease efficacy of streptokinase in managing MI

Titers to document antecedent skin infection

A

Anti streptokinase

Anti-dnase b

73
Q

Perioral blistered lesions wih honey colored crust. Accumulation of neutrophils beneath stratum corneum

A

Impetigo contagiosa

74
Q

Superficial infection extending into dermal lympatics

Deeper infection involving subcutaneous/dermal tissues

Rapidly progressive infxn of deep subcutaneous tissues

A

Erysipelas

Cellulitis

Necrotizing fasciitis

75
Q

Due to erythrogenic toxin, seen in lysogenized strains fever, strawberry tongue, centrifugal rash, sandpaper like, pastia’s lines, desquamation

A

Scarlet fever

76
Q

Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is due to

A

Pyogenic exotoxin A

77
Q

Acute rheumatic fever

JONES CRITERIA

A
  1. Migratory polyarthritis
  2. Pancarditis
  3. Erythema marginatum
  4. Sydenham chorea
    Subcutaneous nodule
78
Q

Glomerulonephritis ssx:

DOC: parenteral and oral

A

Hematuria, htn & periorbital edema

Parenteral : pen G
Oral : pen V

79
Q

Grow using LIM BROTH

A

Group b strep aka strep agalactiae

80
Q

Hydrolyze hippurate

And camp test positive

A

Group b strep

81
Q

Treatment for group b strep

A

Pen g!

For serious infxn pen g *+ aminoglycoside

82
Q

All pregnant women should be screen for GBS colonization

A

35-37 weeks AOG

83
Q

Gamma (nonhemolytic) colonies
Bile and optochin resistant
Can grown in 6.5 % nacl

Other term

A

Group d step

Aka enterococcus faecalis

84
Q

UTis due to indwelling urinary catheters & urinary tract instrumentation

A

Group D strep

85
Q

Treatment for group d strep

A

Penicillin plus gentamycin
Vancomycin
Linezolid

86
Q

Gram positive lancet shaped cocci in pairs

A

strep pneumonia

-alpha hemolytic

87
Q

Positive quelling reaction

A

Strep pneumoniae

88
Q

Optochin sensitivity

A

Optohin
Viridans resistant
Pneumonia sensitive

Microbiology (21 decks)

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