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Micro Boards First Aid > Micro > Flashcards

Micro Flashcards

1
Q

LPS Structure

A

O antigen is polysacharide and is highly variable
Core sugar is hexose or manose and is variable
Lipid A is the antigenic portion and is highly conserved
LPS is recognized by TLR4
Induces release of TNF, IL-1, 6

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2
Q

Gram Negative Cell Wall

A

LPS and 2 plasma membranes with a single small peptidoglycan layer. Two periplasmic spaces where beta lactamases and other resistance mechanisms lie

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3
Q

Mycobacterial cell wall

A

outer lipid, mycolic acid, carbohydrate chains, peptidoglycan, PM, …

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4
Q

Peptidoglycan synthesis

A

starts with glucosamine turned into Murnac with use of UTP. Attached to GLCNAC. Cross linking of terminal D-D alamine residues by transpeptidases. PBP, site of action of beta lactams.

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5
Q

Beta Lactam mechanism

A

Structurally similiar to D-alanyl alanine structure, binds to PBP and irreveribly acetalates PBP, inactivating it. Bacteriocidal.

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6
Q

Encapsulated bacteria

A 
Streptococcus
Haemophilus
Nisseria
Klebsiella
Bacillus anthracus (peptide capsule)
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7
Q

Gram Positive Strucutre

A

Thick peptidoglycan that is linked by pentaglycines.
Has teichoic acid
Can undergo sporulation.
More lysozyme sensitive.

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8
Q

Bacterial Conjugation

A
  • Transfer of genetic material via a sex pilus (F)
  • Donor must be F+ and receptor F negative
  • If F factor is incorporated into the genome the bacterial becomes HFR because the genes on the F plasmid will be transcribed and translated at a higher rate.
  • Genes can be excised along with the F factor onto a plasmid which will result in an F’ plasmid. Some of these genes can be resistance genes.
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9
Q

Bacterial Transformation

A

Uptake of free DNA.
There must be significant homology of DNA sequences for proper integration
-Gram positives more commonly use transformation

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10
Q

Bacterial Transduction

A
  • Bacteriophages will infect bacteria and insert their genome into the bacterial genome.
  • When a bacterial genome contains viral DNA the bacteria is said to be lysogenized (capable of being lysed)
  • With lysis the phage will remove it’s DNA and some neighboring segments and be ready to reinfect a nearby cell thus transferring genes.
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11
Q

Spores

A
  • Allow for a hardy, metabolically silent stage.

- Clostridium, bacillus

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12
Q

IgA Proteases

A

-Strep Pneumo, Niesseria, H Flu

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13
Q

Intracellular Bacteria

A

ricketsia, chlamydia, salmonella, shigella, yersinia, mycobacteria, listeria, legionella, Brucella, fransciella

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14
Q

alpha hemolysis

A
  • partial hemolysis, greenish discoloration of agar

- strep viridans, Strep Pneumo

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15
Q

Beta Hemolysis

A
  • Complete clearing of agar
  • staph, strep, listeria
  • GAS - Strep pyogenes - bacitracin sensitive
  • GBS - Strep agalactias - bacitracin resistant
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16
Q

gamma hemolysis

A
  • no hemolysis

- enterococcus

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17
Q

Catalase

A
  • Peroxide to water and oxygen

- Strep and enterococcus are catalase negative

18
Q

Coagulase

A
  • Converts fibrinogen to fibrin

- Staph aureus is coag positive

19
Q

Diptheria and Pseudomonas exotoxin

A
  • ADP ribosylation, inactivate E2-f
20
Q

Shiga Toxins

A

-N-glycosidases of 28S RNA. Halt protein sythesis

21
Q

Heat Labale Enterotoxins

A
  • Choler and E Coli

- ADP ribosylate G alpha S that causes increase in cAMP

22
Q

Pertussis Toxins

A
  • B component binds to receptor and A is enymatically active

- ADP ribosylate g alpha i which prevents the inhibition of AC, leading to elevated intracellular cAMP

23
Q

Heat Stable Enterotoxin

A
  • E Coli

- Activates gyunulate cylase incresing cGMP causing diahrea.

24
Q

Anthrax edema factor

A

-Increase intracellular cAMP which leads to elevated intracellular calcium and activation of calmodulin.

25
Q

Botox

A

-Flacid paralysis by inhibiting release of Ach

26
Q

Tetanus Toxin

A

-Inhibits release of glycine and GABA resulting in a spastic paralysis

27
Q

C DIf cytotoxin B

A
  • glucosylates Rho A leading to dieintegration of actin cytoskeleton leading to pseudomembrane colitis.
  • Uropathic E Coli is similiar mechanism.
28
Q

Acid Fast Bacteria

A

-Mycobacterium, Nocardia, cyclospora, cryptosporidium

29
Q

Gram +

A

-Strep, Staph,, Bacillus, clostridium, listeria, corenybacteria

30
Q

gram -

A

-E Coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, H Flu, Moraxella, Nisseria,

31
Q

Do Not Gram stain

A

-Mycobacteria, chlamydia, ricketssia, treponema, legionalla, mycoplasma

32
Q

Gram negative cocci

A
  • Nisseira
  • Maltose fermentor - meningitidis
  • non fermentor - gonorrhea
33
Q

Gram Negative Coccoid

A
  • H Flu -Reguires Hemin and NAD
  • Pertussis
  • Brucella
34
Q

Gram Negative Rods Lactose fermentor

A
  • Klebsiella (fast)
  • E Coli (fast)
  • Serretia (slow)
35
Q

Gram Negative Rods Non Lactose Fermentor

A
  • Pseudomonas - oxidase positive
  • Shigella - oxidase negative
  • Salmonella - oxidase negative
  • Proteus - oxidase negative
36
Q

MaConkey’s Agar

A

-Inhibits growth of gram positive organisms
-Lactose fermentors make red colonies.
Red colonies will be Klebsiella, E Coli and Serretia

37
Q

Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB)

A
  • Inhibits growth of gram positive
  • Lactose Fermentors will turn green/metallic
  • E Coli, Klebsiella, Serretia will grow green
38
Q

Chocolate Agar

A
  • Media enriched with factor V (NAD) and X (fibrin)
  • Made by heating sheeps blood agar, which removes factor V inhibitors
  • Only media that will grow H Flu
39
Q

Thayer Martin Media

A
  • Media enriched with factor V (NAD) and X (Fibrin)
  • Also contains vancomycin, colistin, nystatin to inhibit mucosal commenals
  • Used to isolate Nisseria, esp Nisseria Gonorrhea from mucosal surfaces.
40
Q

Bordet-Gengou Media

A

-Bordetella Purtussis must be cultured with calcium alginate swabs. Must also be grown on charcol and horse blood agar.

41
Q

Tellurite Agar

A

-Isolate Corenybaterium diptheriae

42
Q

Bile Esculin Agar

A
  • Enterococcus can grow in the presence of bile while other streptococci can’t

Micro Boards First Aid (1 decks)

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