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Micro 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

Invented Microscope? When?

A

Van Leeuwenhoek 1683

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2
Q

Anthrax Bacilli observed? When

A

Divine & Pollander. 1850

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3
Q

What did Pasture do?

A

Father of Micro; fermentation, steam steralization, and vaccine for rabies. 1857

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4
Q

Antiseptic surgery?

A

Lister

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5
Q

Discovered tubercle bacilli (TB) and vibrio cholera?

A

Koch

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6
Q

Discovery of penicillin by? When?

A

Fleming. 1929.

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7
Q

Concept of Immunity? When?

A

Jenner. 1796. (smallpox)

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8
Q

4 categories of bacteria?

A

bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi

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9
Q

What are helminthes?

A

eukaryotic, multicelular, animal/worm, pass in feces

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10
Q

fungal infections?

A

athlete’s foot, jock itch, thrush

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11
Q

Cellulitis?

A

inflammation of the connective tissue

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12
Q

Gonococci

A

gonorrhea

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13
Q

Cl Tetani

A

tetanus

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14
Q

Cornebacterium diphtheriae

A

diptheria

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15
Q

E coli

A

UTI & dirrahea

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16
Q

Shigella

A

dysentery

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17
Q

Salmonella

A

Typhoid fever

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18
Q

Bordetella pertusis

A

whooping cough

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19
Q

Yersenia

A

plague

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20
Q

Mycobacterium

A

TB & leprosy

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21
Q

Treponema pallidum

A

syphiliis

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22
Q

Herpes Simplex (HSV)

A

cold sores on lips and genetal herpes

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23
Q

Varicella-Zoster

A

chicken pox, shingles

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24
Q

Adenovirus

A

URI, LRI, sore throat

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25
Q

Papilloma virus (HPV)

A

STD-Condyloma

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26
Q

Rhino virus

A

common cold

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27
Q

Parasitic Infections

A

Protozoal infections like amebic dysentery, toxoplasmosis and malaria; worm infestations.

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28
Q

Eukaryotes

A

central nucleus and intra cytoplasmic organelles but no cell wall

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29
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Cell wall, but no nucleus and no intra cytoplasmic organelles

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30
Q

Gram +

A

cell wall of peptidoglycan

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31
Q

Gram -

A

cell wall of lipopolysaccharide

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32
Q

Cell membrane of bacteria does not have…?

A

sterols; humans have cholesterol

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33
Q

Function of capsule?

A

resists phagocytosis

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34
Q

Function of pili?

A

found in Gram - for attatchment and conjugation.

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35
Q

Function of flagellae?

A

for movement

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36
Q

Function of glycocalyx?

A

slimy layer for adherence.

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37
Q

Facultative anaerobes?

A

with/out O2; energy by gylcolysis – ex. E Coli, Solmonella, Shigella

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38
Q

Obligate aerobes?

A

Only with O2 – ex. TB, pseudomonas

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39
Q

Obligate anaerobes?

A

No O2 – Cl Tetani

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40
Q

DNA of bacteria?

A

one haploid chromosome

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41
Q

Conjugation?

A

Mating 2 bacteria cells where DNA is transferred from F+ to F- cell; only plasmid is transferred.

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42
Q

Transduction?

A

DNA transferred by bacteriophage.

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43
Q

Gram Staining Procedure?

A

Crystal violet>H2O>Iodine (fixing)>Decolorize (ETOH)>Safranin

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44
Q

Acid Fast procedure? Why?

A

Carbolfuchsin>decolorize with acid (H2SO4), counterstain with Methylene Blue. Acid fast bacteria=red; others=blue. Due to presence of mycolic acid.

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45
Q

Normal flora in nose?

A

S. aureus

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46
Q

Normal flora in mouth?

A

S. viridans, S. mutans

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47
Q

Normal flora in gingival cervices?

A

bacteriods, acinomycosis, anaerobic organisms (can cause brain abcess..)

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48
Q

Normal flora in GIT?

A

H. pylori, lactobacilli, yeasts, C. diff, E. coli, proteus, P. auroginosa.

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49
Q

Convalescent carrier

A

Those who suffered a disease and spread infection during recovery.

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50
Q

Healthy carriers

A

Normal persons carrying pathogenic organisms w/out suffering from disease (asymptomatic)

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51
Q

Iatrogenic infection

A

physician or health care personnel introduced infection thru breach in infection control measures.

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52
Q

Nasocomial infection

A

acquired from hospital environment

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53
Q

Sources of infection? (5)

A

Man, animals, insects, soil & water

54
Q

Modes of transmission? (7)

A

contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, insect bite, placenta, breast milk

55
Q

Routes of entry? (4)

A

skin, GI tract, Respiratory tract, Genito-Urinary tract

56
Q

Stages of infection? (4)

A

Incubation, Prodromal, Specific, Recovery

57
Q

Disease is caused by 2 major mechanisms?

A

Invasion & Inflammation, and Toxin production

58
Q

Pathogenic features of bacteria?

A

adherence, invasion, inflammation, toxin production, intracellular survival

59
Q

Adherence?

A

pili and glycocalyx

60
Q

Invasion?

A

IgA protease, collagenase & hyaluranidase (degrades collagen and helps spread infection)

61
Q

Inflammation?

A

pyogenic (pus) and granulomatous (cell mediated immune response by macrophace and Tcells)

62
Q

Intracellular survival?

A

avoid phagocytosis & neutralizes antibodies

63
Q

What are endotoxins?

A

part of cell wall – lipoplysacchardies in Gram - ; produce fever, shock and general symptoms.

64
Q

What are exotoxins?

A

Secreted by bacteria and liberated into extracellular space; mostly Gram +

65
Q

Toxoids?

A

inactivated exotoxins

66
Q

Diptheria toxin

A

exotoxin of Gram + bacteria; causes cell death

67
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Gram +, neurotoxin, spastic paralysis of skeletal muscles.

68
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Gram +, neurotoxin; flacid paralysis of skeletal muscles

69
Q

TSST

A

Gram +, by S. aureus – toxic shock

70
Q

Enterotoxin by S. aureus

A

Gram +, food poisoning

71
Q

Erythrogenic toxin

A

Gram +, responsible for red rashes in scarlet fever

72
Q

Enterotoxin of E coli

A

Gram -, watery diarrhea

73
Q

Verotoxin

A

Gram -, bloody diarrhea

74
Q

Enterotoxin by Vibrio Cholera

A

Gram -, causes severe watery dirrahea

75
Q

B pertusis toxins

A

Gram -, stimulate G proteins & cause persistent cough.

76
Q

Innate Immunity

A

inborn & non specific

77
Q

Acquired Immunity

A

acquired after birth & specific – T cells & macrophages

78
Q

Examples of non specific defense (innate)

A

skin, mucous membranes, gastric aciditiy, mucociliary blank of respiratory tract and lysozymes in tears and saliva

79
Q

Inflammatory response is characterized by…

A

dolar, rubor, calor and tumor

80
Q

Increased blood flow is brought to the sight of injury by…

A

bradykinin & histamine

81
Q

Diapedesis

A

movement of phagocytic cell from inside the blood vessles to extracellular spaces leaking out through endothelial cells.

82
Q

During phagocytosis, 2 microbicidal agents are released. They are…

A

Super oxide radical and Hydrogen Peroxide

83
Q

In Gram - infections, what else is producted as a microbicidal in addition to Super oxide radical and hydrogen peroxide?

A

Nitric oxide; over production causes vasodilation which is responsible for hypotension in septic shock.

84
Q

Myeloperoxidase enzyme

A

produces hypochlorite ion which is the most powerful microbicidal agent (acts only in presence of O2)…responsible for GREEN COLOR of pus

85
Q

Lysosomes contain…

A

lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, proteases, lipases & nucleases

86
Q

Neutrophils

A

1st line of defense; not APC

87
Q

Macrophages (monocytes)

A

2nd line of defense (only when neutrophils can’t do the job) APC

88
Q

Complement

A

protein which kills the baceria and opsonizes bacteria to facilitate phagocytosis.

89
Q

interferon

A

anti viral substance produced by leukocytes during viral infection to inhibit viral replication

90
Q

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

not involved in phagocytosis but kill viral infected cells (NO part in bacterial cells)

91
Q

chronic granulomatous disease

A

phagocyte cannot kill the ingested microbes (NADPH oxidase) deficiency and failure to produce H2O2

92
Q

T Cells

A

70% of total lymphocytes and have longer life span (months-years) than B cells – Helper (produce antibodies–CMI) and Cytotoxic (kill viruses)

93
Q

B Cells

A

short lived (weeks or days), bone marrow origin, differentiate into plasma cells & produce antibodies, some can engulf bacteria and act as APC, some memory cels

94
Q

How do antibodies work?

A

neutralize toxins, lyse bacteria in presence of complement, opsonize bacteria to facilitate phagocytosis, interfere with adherence of bacteria/viruses to cell surface.

95
Q

Active Naturally acquired immunity

A

By suffering from an actual infection/disease

96
Q

Active Artificially acquired immunity

A

by vaccines (including antibody production)

97
Q

Passive Naturally acquired immunity

A

preformed antibodies from mothers milk

98
Q

Passive Artifically acquired immunity

A

preformed antibodies (tetanus anti serum)

99
Q

Consider before choosing an antibiotic?

A

ID organism, susceptibility, site of infection (BBB?), patient factors, safety of drug, cost of drug.

100
Q

Drugs acting on cell wall?

A

Penicillins (+Cephalosporins, Carbapenams, Monbactams), Vancomycine, Cycloserine & Bacatracin

101
Q

Penicillins

A

products of molds with Beta Lactum ring, inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan and causes rupture of cell wall.

102
Q

Disadvantages of penicillin? (4)

A
  1. Hypersensitive rxns 2. Narrow spectrum (Gram + only) 3. Acid hydrolysis in stomach (only pareneral admin) 4. Development of drug resistance. & hemolytic anemia
103
Q

Beta lactamase resistant drugs for Staph Aureus

A

Methycillin (not used), Naficillin, Oxacillin & Cloxacillin

104
Q

Treat pseudomonas & klebsiella

A

Piperacillin, Ticarcillin & Carbencillin

105
Q

Natural penicillins are useful against…?

A

Gram +/- cocci, Gram + rods, Spirochetes

106
Q

Penicillins are synergistic with…?

A

amino glycosides

107
Q

Cephalosporins (part of Penicillins)

A

Beta lactum group, also acts on Gram - organisms, beta lactamase resistant, effective against e coli, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas

108
Q

Carbapenams (part of Penicillins)

A

Beta lactum group, not inactivated by beta lactamase and effective against Gram - and anaerobic organisms

109
Q

Monobactums (part of Penicillins)

A

powerful against pseudomonas (but less effective against Gram +, resistant to beta lactamase

110
Q

Vancomycin

A

glycopeptide, inhibits cell wall synthesis, effective for Gram +, meningitis and MRSa

111
Q

Cycloserine

A

inhibitor of TB cell wall synthesis

112
Q

Bacitracin

A

topical; inhibits cell wall synthesis

113
Q

Drugs acting on 30s

A

Aminoglycosides & Tetracyclines

114
Q

Drugs acting on 50s

A

Chloramphenicol & Erythromycin

115
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Gentamycin & Amikacin (effective vs. Gram -, ex. E coli and proteus); Streptomycin (TB); Tobramycin (eye drops). Disadv. ototoxic and nephrotoxic and ineffective against anaerobes and do not cross bbb

116
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Doxycycline & oxytetracycline; lyme disease, h pylori, stds, lgv, trachoma, pids. Disadv. suppresses normal flora, stains teeth in children >8yr; used during plague epidemic

117
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

50s, broad spectrum, passes BBB, 1st line of drug for meningitis in penicillin allergic patiens, in US used for brain abcess. Toxicity: bone marrow depression and aplastic anemia

118
Q

Erythromycin

A

50s least toxic, URI LRI Hpylori (Azythromycin & Clarithromycin), eye drops used in new borns to prevent purulent conjunctivitis (from gonococcal/chlamydial)

119
Q

Inhibitors of precursor of nucleic acids?

A

Sulfa group (prior to GIT/GUT surgeries) & Trimethoprim

120
Q

Inhibiotrs of DNA synthesis

A

Quinolones (Ciprofloxcin, Norfloxcin, Ofloxcin, Levofloxcine) for LRI, UTI, GIT. Toxic for growing bones (preg. women and young children)

121
Q

Inhibitors of RNA synthesis

A

Rifampin effective vs. TB; also used in prosthetic valve endocarditis (s.epidermidis). Used to prevent meningo coccal meningitis. Causes red saliva, sweat and urine and stains contact lenses.

122
Q

Drugs Act on Cell Membrane?

A

Polymixin; disrupts pseudomonas auroginosa (Gram -) cell membrane; topical.

123
Q

Anti TB–“Other drugs”

A

Isoniazid (primary drug for TB), Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide

124
Q

Metronidazole

A

bactericidal against anaerobic organisms (and protozoa like Giardia & Trichomonas); before dental extractions

125
Q

Chemoprophylaxis

A

antibiotic treatment to prevent diseases used in 3 instances: prior to surgery, contact & immunocomprimised individuals.

126
Q

Cotrimaxazole

A

prevent pneumocystic carini infections in AIDs patients

127
Q

Clotrimazole

A

prevents cryptococcal meningitis in AIDs patients.

128
Q

Penicillin (long acting…1-2 years) to prevent…

A

Rheumatic fever in patients with streptococcal pharyngitis

129
Q

INH

130
Q

Ceftriaxone

My Micro 1-5 (1 decks)

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