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micro quiz 2 > MICR_041813 Leg_Coryne_Myco > Flashcards

MICR_041813 Leg_Coryne_Myco Flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of legionella pneumophilia?

A

gram (-) pleiomorphic rod, intracellular growth, fastidious

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2
Q

Where is legionella pneumophilia normally found?

A

water of cooling towards, growing within AMOEBAS or BIOFILMS

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3
Q

Who is at risk for legionella pneumophilia?

A

elderly, immune-compromised or immuno-suppressed patients

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4
Q

What symptoms does legionella pneumophilia cause?

A

ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA, fevers, chills, productive cough, muscle aches, headaches, loss of appetite, diarrhea

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5
Q

Infections with legionella pneumophilia can be severe or mild. What characterizes either form?

A

MILD: “pontiac disease” W.O pneumonia. SEVERE: can disseminate from the lungs and cause systemic damage due to LPS

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6
Q

What’s the difference between atypical and typical pneumonia?

A

ATYPICAL: diffuse infection in the lungs; does not respond to penicillin or sulfonamide. TYPICAL: lobar, localized infection in the lungs.

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7
Q

What pathogens ause atypical pneumonia? Typical pneumonia?

A

ATYPICAL: legionella, mycoplasma, chylamdia. TYPICAL: Haemophilus influenza, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumonia

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8
Q

How is legionella pneumophilia usually acquired?

A

airborne from environemental contamination, NOT from infected people.

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9
Q

What is the pathogenicity mechanism of legionella pneumophilia?

A

1) acquired via airborne route, 2) incubation period 2-10d, 3) EARLY stage: apoptosis of macrophage and alveolar epithelial cells, 4) LATE stage: necrosis, 5) SEVERE: dissemination from lungs -> systemic disease

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10
Q

How is legionella pneumophilia diagnosed? (4)

A

1) since it’s fastidious, grow on charcoal yeast extract with iron/cysteine. 2) fluorescent antibody test to ID organism in sputum. 3) detect antigens in urine sample, 4) detect antibody levels in blood

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11
Q

How do you prevent legionella pneumophilia?

A

proper water handling

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12
Q

What does mycoplasma pneumoniae cause?

A

infection of the respiratory tract in humans only

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13
Q

What is a cool fact about mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

it’s the smallest replicating bacteria!

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14
Q

What are some characteristics of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

no cell wall, gram variable, pleiomorphic shape, colonies have a fried egg appearance, one serotype

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15
Q

What does mycoplasma pneumoniae require for growth?

A

cholesterol - its usually obtained from the host or supplemented in the growth medium. Provides membrane rigidity.

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16
Q

What enables mycoplasma pneumoniae to evade the immune response?

A

various lipoproteins

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17
Q

Which age group is most susceptible to mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

school age kids - young adults; severity of infection is correlated with age

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18
Q

T/F Infection with mycoplasma pneumoniae provides life-long immunity.

A

False. Immunity is NOT lifelong

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19
Q

What is the frequency of mycoplasma pneumoniae outbreaks?

A

4-8 year intervals

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20
Q

What are hthe symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA - gradual onset of non-productive cough -> sputum with small amounts of blood -> weakness, fever, cough, headache, diffuse changes on chest xray

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21
Q

What are some complications that can arise from mycoplasma pneumoniae infection?

A

extrapulmonary infections in CNS with additional symptoms (arthritis, autoimmune disease)

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22
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

1) aerosol droplet transmission, 2) attaches to epithelium via P1 adhesin, 3) production of H2O2 and superoxide, which causes oxidative damage to the cell, 4) inflammation, 5) disease

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23
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

1) P1 adhesin, 2) H2O2, 3) superoxide

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24
Q

How do you diagnose mycoplasma pneumoniae? (4)

A

1) sputum gram stain 2) throat swab and culture, 3) PCR, 4) cold agglutination test

25
Q

What is cold agglutination? What organism is this test used to detect?

A

auto-agglutination of RBC at low temps due to the presence of auto-immune antibodies against RBCs

26
Q

How do you treat mycoplasma pneumoniae?

A

macrolides (erythromycin), tetracycline

27
Q

T/F The vaccine for mycoplasma pneumoniae is a live-attenuated one.

A

No such thing. There is no vaccine for mycoplasma pneumoniae!!

28
Q

What are some charcteristics of cornynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

gram (+), pleiomorphic, aerobe, does not form spores

29
Q

What are the two groups of cornynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

1) cornynebacterium diphtheriae - cause of diphtheriae 2) diphtheroids (all others) - normal commensal bacteria

30
Q

Where is cornynebacterium diphtheriae most prevalent?

A

developing countries with inadequate pediatric immunizations/medical care

31
Q

T/F Infection with cornynebacterium diphtheriae provides life-long immunity.

A

False. Immunity is NOT lifelong

32
Q

What is the mechanism of pathogenesis of cornynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

1) aerosol droplet transmission, 2) attaches to epithelium in the throat or skin. THROAT: fever, sore throat, pseudomembrane formation. SKIN: necrotizing skin

33
Q

What is the pseudomembrane made of? What bacteria produces it?

A

produced by cornynebacterium diphtheriae. Made of fibrin, necrotic epithelium, WBC

34
Q

T/F cornynebacterium diphtheriae can cause systemic disease.

A

False. It is confined to the initial infection site (throat/skin)

35
Q

If cornynebacterium diphtheriae is confined to the initial infection site, what causes the systemic symptoms observed?

A

Diphtheria toxin (produced by cornynebacterium diphtheriae in the throat)

36
Q

What does diphtheria toxin do?

A

it’s lethal to cells of the heart, kidneys, and nervous system. BLOCKS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS by inactivating elongation factor 2 (EF2) - an enzyme involved in peptide bond formation on ribosomes

37
Q

How do you diagnose cornynebacterium diphtheriae? (5)

A

1) presence of pseudomembrane, 2) grow on special media (tellurite agar, tinsdale medium, loeffler media) and look for metachromatic granules, 3) PCR, 4) Immunoassay, 5) Elek Test

38
Q

What is the Elek test? What is it used to diagnose?

A

used to determine if the suspected strain of cornynebacterium diphtheriae is toxigenic – if it is, a toxin/anti-toxin band is observed

39
Q

How do you treat cornynebacterium diphtheriae? (2).

A

antitoxin for horse (neutralizes the free toxin) and penicillin

40
Q

How do you treat people who’s been in contact with patients infected with cornynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

reimmunization + penicillin

41
Q

What vaccine is available for cornynebacterium diphtheriae?

A

formaldehyde-treated diphtheria toxin = TOXOID, which is coupled with pertussis + tetanus vaccine (DTaP)

42
Q

What does the bordetella pertussis use to attach to lung epithelium? (4)

A

1) pili, 2) filamentous hemagglutinin (FHa), 3) pertactin, 4) trachael colonization factor

43
Q

T/F immunization with DTaP provides lifelong immunity.

A

False. It does not confer life-long immunity

44
Q

What is the difference between DTP and DTaP?

A

both are trivalent vaccines, but DTP can cause encephalopathy and permanent neurological sequelae. DTaP contains acellular pertussis and avoids problems observed with DTP

45
Q

How would you diagnose bordetella pertussis?

A

Using nasopharyngeal swabs, use 1) PCR, 2) culture test, 3) antibody test

46
Q

How would you treat bordetella pertussis?

A

Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol

47
Q

What are the virulence determinants of proteus vulgaris/proteus mirabilis? (2)

A

flagella (“swarming” motility) and urease

48
Q

Why is urease production importance in the pathogenicity of proteus vulgaris/proteus mirabilis?

A

it converts urea into ammonia, which increases the pH/alkalinity of the urine, leading to an increase in chronic UTI

49
Q

Where is acinetobacteria normally found?

A

opportunistic infection in hospitalized patients, often associated with use of indwelling medical devices (IVs, grafts)

50
Q

What are the virulence factors of acinetobacteria?

A

capsule, adhesins, proteolytic and lipolytic enzymes

51
Q

What is characteristic of acinetobacteria that cause opportunistic infections?

A

multi-drug resistant strains are increasing

52
Q

How can you diagnose gram (-) pathogens? (3)

A

colony morphology, selective medium, and biochemical tests.

53
Q

Which gram (-) pathogens are facultative anaerobes?

A

1) proteus mirabilis, 2) e. coli, 3) enterobacter cloacae, 4) klebsiella pneumonia, 3) serratia marcesens (THINK: facultative anaerobe PEEKS out every once in a while for air)

54
Q

Which two gram (-) pathogens are aerobes?

A

1) acinetobacteria, 2) pseudomonas aeruginosa (THINK: aerobes Prefer Air)

55
Q

Which 3 gram (-) pathogens are lactose fermenters?

A

1) e. coli, 2) klebsiella pneumonia, 3) enterobacter cloacae

56
Q

How can Shigella be prevented?

A

better sanitation

57
Q

What is the Kigler Iron Agar test?

A

biochemical test that detects sugar (glucose, lactose) fermentation and gas (H2S) production

58
Q

How do you intepret a Kigler Iron Agar test?

A

Yellow Slant = fermented lactose. Yellow BUTT = fermented glucose. BLACK PPT = H2S production.

micro quiz 2 (8 decks)

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