MICR101A (Midterm Topic 1 - 4) Flashcards
Memorization and Mastery!
Discovered cells at thin slice of cork
Robert Hooke
Discovered: Vaccination, Microbial fermentation, and Pasteurization
Louis Pasteur
First to observe cells in plant material and name them
Robert Hooke
Disapproved the Doctrine of Spontaneous generation
Louis Pasteur
Produced first vaccine for rabies
Louis Pasteur
Discovered a bacillus which is responsible for bubonic plague
Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin
Bacillus responsible for bubonic plague
Yersinia pestis
Father of Modern Microbiology and the first person who used Solid media
Robert Koch
Causative agent of Cholera
Vibrio cholerae
Causative agent of Anthrax
Bacillus anthracis
The 4 Theories of Humorism
Black Bile (Melancholy), Yellow Bile (Apathy), Blood (Cheer & Courage), & Phlegm (Anger)
Causative agent of Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Who discovered the Theory of humorism
Hippocrates & Galen
Father of Toxicology and the one who Introduced Chemistry in Medicine
Paracelsus
Paracelsus’ 3 Humors
Salt (Stability), Sulphur (Combustibility), & Mercury (Liquidity)
Wrote the essay on contagion (By contact, by fomites, and at a distance)
Girolamo Fracastoro
Named the disease Syphilis
Girolamo Fracastoro
Father of Microbiology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Refer to as “Tiny animals”
Animalcules (Before) or Unicellular (Now)
Other term for Blood poisoning
Septicemia
Discovered Bacillus anthracis a causative bacterium of Anthrax, in the blood of a diseased & dying sheep
Casimir Davaine
First observe that heating prevented growth of bacteria in meat infusion
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Showed living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton wool
Heinrich G.F Schroder & Theodor von Dusch
Introduced the use of cotton plugs in Test tubes
Heinrich G.F Schroder & Theodor von Dusch
Hypothesized that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells
Rudolf Virchow
Discovered Penicillin in 1928
Alexander Fleming
Developed vaccine against small pox
Edward Jenner
Proposed classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls
Rebecca Lancefield (Lancefield Classification)
First characterize a virus (Tobacco mosaic virus)
Wendell Stanley
Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another
Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum
Discovered that virus are filterable materials
Dmitri Ivanovski
Disease is attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins; Supernatural inflictions of disease
Theurgical Theory of Disease
Thought that all disease was due to the emanations from the
Earth, the influence of the stars, the moon, the winds, the waters, and the seasons
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
Relationship of disease with different waters, changes
in temperature, moisture, and the direction of wind
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
Imbalance of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) and
the four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, and dryness)
Miasmatic Theory of Disease
Disease was attributed to contagion by contact,
by fomite and at a distance
Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)
(18th century) experiments by Pasteur and Koch led to an understanding of the presence of microorganisms and their relationship to diseases
Germ Theory
Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic
microorganisms
Germ Theory
The 5 Kingdom Classification system
- Animalia
- Plantae
- Protista
- Fungi
- Monera
Can make their own food by Photosynthesis
Autotrophs
Response towards a stimulus
Tropism
Can’t make their own food and must consume other organism in order to live
Heterotrophs
Response to light
Phototropism
Use of bacteria on various industry
Biotechnology
Use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to
consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site (use of bacteria on toxic wastes).
Bioremediation
Diverse collection of microorganisms in the ocean or large bodies of water
Planktons
Type of heterotrophic plankton that range from
microscopic organisms to large species, such as jellyfish
Zooplanktons
Microscopic plants that live in the ocean
Phytoplanktons
TRUE OR FALSE - 10% of Microorganisms are Opportunistic
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE - Example of Beneficial Microorganism are Pathogens
FALSE, example of Beneficial Microorganism is Antibiotics in food
TRUE OR FALSE - 87% of Microorganisms are Beneficial
TRUE
Who developed the Binomial classification
Carl Linnaeus
What are the 4 Basic Systems of Classification
- Binomial Classification
- 5 Kingdom System
- 3 Domain System
- From Larger to smaller
Normal indigenous microflora or microbiota are present in
the _____, __________< and ________.
Skin, Intestinal tract, and Mouth
If the substance
is organized and firmly
attached to the cell wall
Capsule
General term used for substances that surround the cells. It is a coating that covers the outside of prokaryotic cells
that provides a protective coat.
Glycocalyx
If the substance is unorganized and
only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx
Slime Layer
Often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host and is important in contributing to bacterial virulence.
Capsule
Prevent the bacterial cells from rupturing, helps maintain the shape of the cell, and point of anchorage for flagella
Cell Wall
A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm
attach to their target environment and to
each other
Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
Susceptibility to Penicillin and Sulfonamide is High
Gram-Positive
Susceptibility to Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline is High
Gram-Negative
Flagellar structure has 4 rings in basal body
Gram-Negative
Toxins produced by Gram-Negative
Endotoxins and Exotoxins
Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of cell
and consists primary of
phospholipids
Plasma/ Cell Membrane
Long filamentous
appendages that propel
bacteria
Flagella
Bacteria
that lack flagella
Atrichous
Flagellar protein; useful for distinguishing
among serovars or variations
H-antigen
Group of bacteria
that have unique structure and
motility (spiral motion). They move by means of axial filaments or endoflagella
Spirochetes
Hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella
Fimbriae
Usually longer than fimbriae and
number only one or two per cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer
Pili
Transfer of DNA from one cell to another
Conjugation
Substance of the cell inside the
plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Specialized “resting” cells formed by some gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted
Endospores
Large amount of an organic acid contained in
endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage
Dipicolinic acid
Process in which an endospore returns to its
vegetative state
Germination
Cell wall has Teichoic acid
Gram-Positive
Susceptible to mechanical breakage
Gram-Negative
Round bacteria in pairs; remain in pairs after
dividing
Diplococci
Cocci in chains
Streptococci
Cocci in cluster resembling bunch of
grapes
Staphylococci
Divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4
Tetrads
Groups of 8 in cubical pockets (octads)
Sarcinae
Rods in chain
Streptobacilli
Usually do not separate and tend to form “long
threads”
Filamentous bacilli
Short rods
Coccobacilli
Paired bacilli
Diplobacilli
Loosely curved cells; have helical shape like a
cork-screw and fairly rigid bodies with flagella
Spirilla
(Less than one complete twist); Curved rods
Vibroid/ Comma-shape
Organisms that maintain a single shape
Monomorphic
Tightly coiled form; flexible with axial filaments
Spirochetes
Flat rectangular shape
Halophilic archaea
Star-shaped
Genus-Stella
Have many shapes
Pleomorphic
3 Kinds of Staining Technique
Simple, Differential, & Special Staining
Aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye and highlights the entire microorganisms so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visible
Simple Staining
Salts composed of a positive and a negative
ion, one of which is colored and is known as the chromophore.
Stains
Valuable for observing overall cell shapes, sized and capsules because cells are made highly visible against a contrasting dark background
Negative staining
An additive used to increase the affinity of a stain for a
biological specimen
Mordant
Who developed Gram stain and in what year?
Hans Christian Gram in 1884
Most useful staining procedures since
it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram
positive and gram-negative
Gram Stain
Bind strongly only to bacteria that have waxy material in their cell walls and used to identify all bacteria in the genus
Mycobacterium (M. tuberculosis and M. leprae) and pathogenic strains of Nocardia
Acid-Fast stain
Used to color parts of microorganisms (endospores,
flagella or capsules)
Special stains
This staining method is used for capsules (Specific)
Negative staining
This staining is used to identify endospores (Specific)
Endospore Staining (Schaeffer-Fulton)
This staining is used to identify flagella (Specific)
Flagella staining
The stain _______ is used to build up the diameters of flagella
Carbolfuchsin
Stain used in endospore staining
Malachite Green
What are the requirements for growth?
Physical (Temperature, pH, & Osmotic Pressure) and Chemical (Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, & Oxygen)
Also known as “Cold-Loving Microbes”
Psychrophiles
Also known as “Moderate-temperature-loving microbes”
Mesophiles
Organisms capable of growing at 0°C and most of these organisms are so sensitive to higher
temperature that they cannot grow in warm room (25°C). Found mostly in the ocean’s depth or polar regions
thus seldom cause problems in food preservation.
Psychrophiles
Also known as “Heat-loving microbes”
Thermophiles
Can grow at 0°C but optimum growth temp. is
20-30°C and cannot grow above 40°C and are mostly encountered in low-temperature food
spoilage because they can grow at refrigerator
temperatures.
Psychrotrophs
Optimum temperature for many pathogenic
bacteria is about 37°C and include most of the common spoilage and
disease organisms,
Mesophiles
Also known as “spoilage microorganisms”
Psychrotrophs
Most common type of microbe
Mesophiles
Optimum growth: 50-60°C and Important in organic compost piles
Thermophiles
Microorganisms capable of growth at high
temperatures
Thermophiles
Most bacteria grow best in a narrow pH range near neutrality, between pH ___ and ____
6.5 and 7.5
Microbes that have an optimum growth
temperature of 80°C
Hyperthermophiles or extreme thermophiles
Microorganism that can adapt to high salt concentrations
Halophiles
Microorganisms that are tolerant of acidity
Acidophiles
Organisms that require oxygen to live
Obligate aerobes
Can use oxygen when it is present but are able to
continue growth by using fermentation or
anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not
available
Facultative anaerobes
Aerobic; they do require oxygen and they grow only in oxygen
concentrations lower than those in air.
Microaerophiles
Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions
Anaerobes
Fermentative and cannot use oxygen for growth, but they tolerate it fairly well
Aerotolerant anaerobes
Bacteria reproduce by ?
Binary Fission
Forming a small initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of the parent cell, then it
separates
Budding
Period of equilibrium
Stationary Phase
The time required for a cell to divide and varies considerably among organisms and with
environmental conditions such as temperature. Uses logarithmic scales
Generation Time
Period of little or no cell division and can last for 1 hour or several days. Cells are not dormant and period of intense metabolic activity such as synthesis of enzymes.
Lag Phase
Cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth or logarithmic increase. Cellular reproduction is most active and generation time reaches a constant minimum
Log Phase/Exponential growth phase
Number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed and the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the
number of cells or until the population dies out
entirely
Death Phase
Number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells and population stabilizes.
Stationary Phase
