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Veterinary Medicine 3 > MICR101A (Midterm Topic 1 - 4) > Flashcards

MICR101A (Midterm Topic 1 - 4) Flashcards

Memorization and Mastery!

1
Q

Discovered cells at thin slice of cork

A

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

Discovered: Vaccination, Microbial fermentation, and Pasteurization

A

Louis Pasteur

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3
Q

First to observe cells in plant material and name them

A

Robert Hooke

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4
Q

Disapproved the Doctrine of Spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

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5
Q

Produced first vaccine for rabies

A

Louis Pasteur

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6
Q

Discovered a bacillus which is responsible for bubonic plague

A

Alexandre Emile Jean Yersin

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7
Q

Bacillus responsible for bubonic plague

A

Yersinia pestis

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8
Q

Father of Modern Microbiology and the first person who used Solid media

A

Robert Koch

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9
Q

Causative agent of Cholera

A

Vibrio cholerae

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10
Q

Causative agent of Anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

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11
Q

The 4 Theories of Humorism

A

Black Bile (Melancholy), Yellow Bile (Apathy), Blood (Cheer & Courage), & Phlegm (Anger)

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11
Q

Causative agent of Tuberculosis

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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12
Q

Who discovered the Theory of humorism

A

Hippocrates & Galen

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13
Q

Father of Toxicology and the one who Introduced Chemistry in Medicine

A

Paracelsus

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14
Q

Paracelsus’ 3 Humors

A

Salt (Stability), Sulphur (Combustibility), & Mercury (Liquidity)

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14
Q

Wrote the essay on contagion (By contact, by fomites, and at a distance)

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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15
Q

Named the disease Syphilis

A

Girolamo Fracastoro

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16
Q

Father of Microbiology

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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17
Q

Refer to as “Tiny animals”

A

Animalcules (Before) or Unicellular (Now)

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18
Q

Other term for Blood poisoning

A

Septicemia

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19
Q

Discovered Bacillus anthracis a causative bacterium of Anthrax, in the blood of a diseased & dying sheep

A

Casimir Davaine

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20
Q

First observe that heating prevented growth of bacteria in meat infusion

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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21
Q

Showed living particles can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton wool

A

Heinrich G.F Schroder & Theodor von Dusch

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22
Q

Introduced the use of cotton plugs in Test tubes

A

Heinrich G.F Schroder & Theodor von Dusch

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23
Q

Hypothesized that living cells arise only from pre-existing living cells

A

Rudolf Virchow

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24
Q

Discovered Penicillin in 1928

A

Alexander Fleming

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25
Q

Developed vaccine against small pox

A

Edward Jenner

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26
Q

Proposed classification system for streptococci based on antigens in their cell walls

A

Rebecca Lancefield (Lancefield Classification)

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27
Q

First characterize a virus (Tobacco mosaic virus)

A

Wendell Stanley

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28
Q

Discovered that DNA can be transferred from one bacterium to another

A

Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatum

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29
Q

Discovered that virus are filterable materials

A

Dmitri Ivanovski

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30
Q

Disease is attributed to the wrath of divine spirits for the punishment of individual sins; Supernatural inflictions of disease

A

Theurgical Theory of Disease

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31
Q

Thought that all disease was due to the emanations from the
Earth, the influence of the stars, the moon, the winds, the waters, and the seasons

A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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32
Q

Relationship of disease with different waters, changes
in temperature, moisture, and the direction of wind

A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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33
Q

Imbalance of the four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) and
the four qualities (heat, cold, moisture, and dryness)

A

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

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34
Q

Disease was attributed to contagion by contact,
by fomite and at a distance

A

Contagion Theory (Fracastoro)

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35
Q

(18th century) experiments by Pasteur and Koch led to an understanding of the presence of microorganisms and their relationship to diseases

A

Germ Theory

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36
Q

Disease is caused by infections of pathogenic
microorganisms

A

Germ Theory

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37
Q

The 5 Kingdom Classification system

A
  1. Animalia
  2. Plantae
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Monera
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38
Q

Can make their own food by Photosynthesis

A

Autotrophs

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39
Q

Response towards a stimulus

A

Tropism

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39
Q

Can’t make their own food and must consume other organism in order to live

A

Heterotrophs

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40
Q

Response to light

A

Phototropism

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41
Q

Use of bacteria on various industry

A

Biotechnology

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42
Q

Use of either naturally occurring or
deliberately introduced microorganisms or other forms of life to
consume and break down environmental pollutants, in order to clean up a polluted site (use of bacteria on toxic wastes).

A

Bioremediation

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43
Q

Diverse collection of microorganisms in the ocean or large bodies of water

A

Planktons

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44
Q

Type of heterotrophic plankton that range from
microscopic organisms to large species, such as jellyfish

A

Zooplanktons

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45
Q

Microscopic plants that live in the ocean

A

Phytoplanktons

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46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE - 10% of Microorganisms are Opportunistic

A

TRUE

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46
Q

TRUE OR FALSE - Example of Beneficial Microorganism are Pathogens

A

FALSE, example of Beneficial Microorganism is Antibiotics in food

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47
Q

TRUE OR FALSE - 87% of Microorganisms are Beneficial

A

TRUE

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48
Q

Who developed the Binomial classification

A

Carl Linnaeus

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49
Q

What are the 4 Basic Systems of Classification

A
  1. Binomial Classification
  2. 5 Kingdom System
  3. 3 Domain System
  4. From Larger to smaller
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49
Q

Normal indigenous microflora or microbiota are present in
the _____, __________< and ________.

A

Skin, Intestinal tract, and Mouth

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50
Q

If the substance
is organized and firmly
attached to the cell wall

A

Capsule

51
Q

General term used for substances that surround the cells. It is a coating that covers the outside of prokaryotic cells
that provides a protective coat.

A

Glycocalyx

52
Q

If the substance is unorganized and
only loosely attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx

A

Slime Layer

53
Q

Often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host and is important in contributing to bacterial virulence.

A

Capsule

54
Q

Prevent the bacterial cells from rupturing, helps maintain the shape of the cell, and point of anchorage for flagella

A

Cell Wall

54
Q

A glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm
attach to their target environment and to
each other

A

Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)

55
Q

Susceptibility to Penicillin and Sulfonamide is High

A

Gram-Positive

56
Q

Susceptibility to Streptomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Tetracycline is High

A

Gram-Negative

57
Q

Flagellar structure has 4 rings in basal body

A

Gram-Negative

58
Q

Toxins produced by Gram-Negative

A

Endotoxins and Exotoxins

59
Q

Thin structure lying inside the cell wall and enclosing the cytoplasm of cell
and consists primary of
phospholipids

A

Plasma/ Cell Membrane

60
Q

Long filamentous
appendages that propel
bacteria

A

Flagella

61
Q

Bacteria
that lack flagella

A

Atrichous

62
Q

Flagellar protein; useful for distinguishing
among serovars or variations

A

H-antigen

63
Q

Group of bacteria
that have unique structure and
motility (spiral motion). They move by means of axial filaments or endoflagella

A

Spirochetes

64
Q

Hair-like appendages that are shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella

A

Fimbriae

65
Q

Usually longer than fimbriae and
number only one or two per cell. Involved in motility and DNA transfer

A

Pili

66
Q

Transfer of DNA from one cell to another

A

Conjugation

67
Q

Substance of the cell inside the
plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

68
Q

Specialized “resting” cells formed by some gram-positive bacteria when essential nutrients are depleted

A

Endospores

69
Q

Large amount of an organic acid contained in
endospore; protects the endospore DNA against damage

A

Dipicolinic acid

70
Q

Process in which an endospore returns to its
vegetative state

A

Germination

71
Q

Cell wall has Teichoic acid

A

Gram-Positive

72
Q

Susceptible to mechanical breakage

A

Gram-Negative

73
Q

Round bacteria in pairs; remain in pairs after
dividing

A

Diplococci

74
Q

Cocci in chains

A

Streptococci

75
Q

Cocci in cluster resembling bunch of
grapes

A

Staphylococci

75
Q

Divide in 2 planes and remain in groups of 4

A

Tetrads

75
Q

Groups of 8 in cubical pockets (octads)

A

Sarcinae

76
Q

Rods in chain

A

Streptobacilli

76
Q

Usually do not separate and tend to form “long
threads”

A

Filamentous bacilli

76
Q

Short rods

A

Coccobacilli

76
Q

Paired bacilli

A

Diplobacilli

77
Q

Loosely curved cells; have helical shape like a
cork-screw and fairly rigid bodies with flagella

A

Spirilla

77
Q

(Less than one complete twist); Curved rods

A

Vibroid/ Comma-shape

77
Q

Organisms that maintain a single shape

A

Monomorphic

78
Q

Tightly coiled form; flexible with axial filaments

A

Spirochetes

79
Q

Flat rectangular shape

A

Halophilic archaea

79
Q

Star-shaped

A

Genus-Stella

80
Q

Have many shapes

A

Pleomorphic

80
Q

3 Kinds of Staining Technique

A

Simple, Differential, & Special Staining

80
Q

Aqueous or alcohol solution of a single basic dye and highlights the entire microorganisms so that cellular shapes and basic structures are visible

A

Simple Staining

80
Q

Salts composed of a positive and a negative
ion, one of which is colored and is known as the chromophore.

A

Stains

81
Q

Valuable for observing overall cell shapes, sized and capsules because cells are made highly visible against a contrasting dark background

A

Negative staining

81
Q

An additive used to increase the affinity of a stain for a
biological specimen

A

Mordant

82
Q

Who developed Gram stain and in what year?

A

Hans Christian Gram in 1884

82
Q

Most useful staining procedures since
it classifies bacteria into two large groups: gram
positive and gram-negative

A

Gram Stain

83
Q

Bind strongly only to bacteria that have waxy material in their cell walls and used to identify all bacteria in the genus
Mycobacterium (M. tuberculosis and M. leprae) and pathogenic strains of Nocardia

A

Acid-Fast stain

83
Q

Used to color parts of microorganisms (endospores,
flagella or capsules)

A

Special stains

83
Q

This staining method is used for capsules (Specific)

A

Negative staining

84
Q

This staining is used to identify endospores (Specific)

A

Endospore Staining (Schaeffer-Fulton)

85
Q

This staining is used to identify flagella (Specific)

A

Flagella staining

85
Q

The stain _______ is used to build up the diameters of flagella

A

Carbolfuchsin

85
Q

Stain used in endospore staining

A

Malachite Green

86
Q

What are the requirements for growth?

A

Physical (Temperature, pH, & Osmotic Pressure) and Chemical (Carbon, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus, & Oxygen)

87
Q

Also known as “Cold-Loving Microbes”

A

Psychrophiles

88
Q

Also known as “Moderate-temperature-loving microbes”

A

Mesophiles

89
Q

Organisms capable of growing at 0°C and most of these organisms are so sensitive to higher
temperature that they cannot grow in warm room (25°C). Found mostly in the ocean’s depth or polar regions
thus seldom cause problems in food preservation.

A

Psychrophiles

90
Q

Also known as “Heat-loving microbes”

A

Thermophiles

90
Q

Can grow at 0°C but optimum growth temp. is
20-30°C and cannot grow above 40°C and are mostly encountered in low-temperature food
spoilage because they can grow at refrigerator
temperatures.

A

Psychrotrophs

91
Q

Optimum temperature for many pathogenic
bacteria is about 37°C and include most of the common spoilage and
disease organisms,

A

Mesophiles

92
Q

Also known as “spoilage microorganisms”

A

Psychrotrophs

93
Q

Most common type of microbe

A

Mesophiles

94
Q

Optimum growth: 50-60°C and Important in organic compost piles

A

Thermophiles

94
Q

Microorganisms capable of growth at high
temperatures

A

Thermophiles

95
Q

Most bacteria grow best in a narrow pH range near neutrality, between pH ___ and ____

A

6.5 and 7.5

96
Q

Microbes that have an optimum growth
temperature of 80°C

A

Hyperthermophiles or extreme thermophiles

97
Q

Microorganism that can adapt to high salt concentrations

A

Halophiles

97
Q

Microorganisms that are tolerant of acidity

A

Acidophiles

98
Q

Organisms that require oxygen to live

A

Obligate aerobes

99
Q

Can use oxygen when it is present but are able to
continue growth by using fermentation or
anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not
available

A

Facultative anaerobes

100
Q

Aerobic; they do require oxygen and they grow only in oxygen
concentrations lower than those in air.

A

Microaerophiles

100
Q

Bacteria that are unable to use molecular oxygen for energy yielding reactions

A

Anaerobes

100
Q

Fermentative and cannot use oxygen for growth, but they tolerate it fairly well

A

Aerotolerant anaerobes

101
Q

Bacteria reproduce by ?

A

Binary Fission

102
Q

Forming a small initial outgrowth that enlarges until its size approaches that of the parent cell, then it
separates

A

Budding

103
Q

Period of equilibrium

A

Stationary Phase

103
Q

The time required for a cell to divide and varies considerably among organisms and with
environmental conditions such as temperature. Uses logarithmic scales

A

Generation Time

103
Q

Period of little or no cell division and can last for 1 hour or several days. Cells are not dormant and period of intense metabolic activity such as synthesis of enzymes.

A

Lag Phase

104
Q

Cells begin to divide and enter a period of growth or logarithmic increase. Cellular reproduction is most active and generation time reaches a constant minimum

A

Log Phase/Exponential growth phase

105
Q

Number of deaths exceeds the number of new cells formed and the population is diminished to a tiny fraction of the
number of cells or until the population dies out
entirely

A

Death Phase

105
Q

Number of microbial deaths balances the number of new cells and population stabilizes.

A

Stationary Phase

Veterinary Medicine 3 (1 decks)

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