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Micr2420 > MICR Midterm > Flashcards

MICR Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What did Robert Hooke Do?

A

Built first compound microscope; coined the term cell

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2
Q

What did Antoine Van Leeuwenhoek do?

A

Made even stronger magnifying glasses; observed single celled organisms

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3
Q

What did Edward Jenner do?

A

Introduced early form of vaccination

Used cow pox scabs and ground them up to use against small pox, was successful

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4
Q

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani do?

A

Disproved spontaneous generation slightly by boiling broth which failed to grow microbes

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5
Q

What did Louis Pasteur do?***

A

Discovered fermentative metabolism (beer)

Used swan neck flasks to fully disprove spontaneous generation, stuck in bed of flask and liquid was sterile

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6
Q

What is the Germ theory of disease?

A

Florence Nightingale and medical epidemiology, infection killed more people than wounds so army should take on hygienic practices

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7
Q

What did Robert Koch do?

A

Created Koch’s postulates and proved that a specific microbe caused a specific disease

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8
Q

What are Koch’s Postulates?

A
  1. Microbe is found in all cases of disease but absent from healthy individuals
  2. Microbe is isolated from diseased host and grown in pure culture
  3. When the microbe is introduced in a healthy, susceptible, host the same disease occurs
  4. The same strain is taken from the newly diseased host
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9
Q

What are some exceptions to Koch’s Postulates?

A

If it cannot be cultured outside of the human body…can it be classified as a pathogen/the disease giving microbe?

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10
Q

What did Angela and Walter Hesse do?

A

Created a solid medium to culture microbes; agarose gel

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11
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelwiez do?

A

Handwashing for doctors

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12
Q

What did Joseph Lister do?

A

Clean (microbe free) operating area for patients

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13
Q

What did Alexander Fleming do?

A

Discovery of penicilin as antibiotic

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14
Q

What did Dmitry Ivanovsky do>

A

causative agent of disease was much smaller than bacteria (virus)

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15
Q

What did Martinus Beijerinck do?

A

Agent of disease cannot be bacteria (virus)

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16
Q

What did Wendell Stanley do?

A

Purified virus by crystallization (Virology)

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17
Q

What is Microbial ecology?

A

Studying microbes in their natural habitat

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18
Q

What is one important thing microbes do with respect to microbial ecology?

A

Biogeochemical cycling of Earth’s elements

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19
Q

What did Sergei Winogradsky do?

A

First one to study bacteria in their natural habitats

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20
Q

What are Lithotrophs?

A

Rock/inorganic compound eaters

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21
Q

What is a Winogradsky Column?

A

A wetland ecosystem model where the microbes split themselves up by layers. (sulfate reducing, green sulfur, purple sulfur, cyanobacteria)

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22
Q

What is the nitrogen cycle?

A

One of the most important geochemical cycles. Microbes fix nitrogen from the air and convert it to ammonia in soil so that plants can use it, no other way for plants to receive nitrogen from the atmosphere

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23
Q

What is microbial endosymbiosis?

A

When organisms live symbiotically inside other organisms as endosymbionts

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24
Q

What did Lynn Margulis prove?

A

Eukaryotic organelles evolved from endosymbiosis from prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestors of eukaryotic cells
Cyanobacteria- phototrophic, chloroplasts
Proteobacteria- respiring/producing oxygen; mitochondria

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25
Q

What did Carl Woese discover\/

A

That there was a third domain of life separate from bacteria and eukarya, the prokaryotic archaea

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26
Q

What technique did Carl Woese perfect?

A

Analysis and sequencing of the 16s rRNA gene of several types of microbes and comparing to other types of microbes

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27
Q

What is the different between a prokaryote and a protozoa

A

Prokaryote is a cell who lacks a nucleus than is enveloped

Protozoa is a eukaryotic protist who is a heterotroph

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28
Q

What are some common traits of all prokaryotes?

A

Thick, complex, outer envelope
Compact genome
coordinated cell functions are tight

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29
Q

What is a mollicutes?

A

Contains: DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, plasma membrane,
The simplest type of bacterial cell
Mycobacteria are an example

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30
Q

What are the pros of a mollicutes

A

Cheap, not a lot of energy required

Small and can squeeze through small spaces

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31
Q

What are the cons of a mollicutes

A

Difficult to maintain and usually need a host cell
Complicated diet
unattractive blob

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32
Q

What is synthia 3.0?

A

An organism that was engineered to have the least amount of genes required to be able to carry out life functions (531 kBp)

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33
Q

What are cell walls of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan- polymer of sugars and amino acids, N-acetyle glucosamine and N-acetyl muramic acid

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34
Q

What is a gram positive cell?

A

Has a thick cell wall (20-80nm)
The cell reinforces the peptidoglycan with teichoic acids
Gram stained purple
Stephlococcus aureus

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35
Q

What are the pros of a Gram positive cell?

A

Resistant to lysis
The teichoic acids are very strong
Several shapes (rod, coccoid, spiral)

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36
Q

What are the cons of a gram positive cell?

A

Kept away from lysozyme

Sensitive to antibiotics

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37
Q

What is a gram negative cell?

A

Thin cell wall (1-2 sheets of peptidoglycan), then a periplasm space, then an outer membrane with lipopolysaccharide attached to it
Gram stained red
E.Coli

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38
Q

What is a lipopolysaccharide?

A

Contains lipid A which anchors it into the membrane but is also an endotoxin for humans
Then has an inner and outer core and an O antigen

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39
Q

What are the pros of a gram negative cell?

A

can defend against a wide range of toxic molecules
has a built in storage compartment
resistant to lysis

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40
Q

What are the cons of a gram negative cell?

A

toxic if not handled properly

requires a bigger genome for more complex cell wall

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41
Q

Describe in general the mycobacterial cell envelope

A

Very complex and has unusual membrane lipids (myolic acids), forms a thick, waxy surface (hydrophobic and chemical resistant)
Acid Fast bacili stain (carbonsulfate?)- stained red
M. tuberculosis

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42
Q

What is a con of the mycobacterial cell envelope

A

Often slow growing due to extreme environmental resistance and complexity of cell wall

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43
Q

What is an S-Layer

A

Stands for surface layer
Additional protective layer about 5-25nm thick
Crystalline layer of thick subunits (protein/glycoprotein)
Allows movement of molecules, flexible

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44
Q

Where is the S-Layer situated

A

In gram negative- outside of LPS

In gram positive- ouside of cell wall/large layer

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45
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Slime layer
Slippery coat of loosely bound polysaccharides
Difficult to stain and appears as clear halos
prevents phagocytosis/innate immune system activation for pathogens

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46
Q

Where is the capsule located?

A

In both G+ and G- strains, outside of S-Layer

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47
Q

What is a thylakoid?

A

Extended folded lamellae (sheets) of membranes that contain photosynthetic proteins with electron carriers
Help to maximize photosythesis in cell

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48
Q

Where are thylakoids found?

A

They are found in G- phototrophs only

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49
Q

What is a carboxyzome?

A

Contains enzymes used to fix CO2
Polyhedral shape
Large structures with a lot of storage space

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50
Q

Where are carboxyzomes found?

A

G- bacteria only, all cyanobacteria, some chemotrophs

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51
Q

What are gas vesicles?

A

Balloons o hydrophobic protein

Allow microbe to maintain optimal buyoncy in water to its preferred conditions

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52
Q

Where are gas vesicles found?

A

In aquatic photosynthetic bacteria and some heterotrophs

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53
Q

What are storage granules?

A

During optimal growth period, bacteria store excess energy here and consume later as needed
Sotres as glycogen, PHA, PHB

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54
Q

Where are storage granules found>

A

G+ and G- bacteria. usually in cytoplasm but can store sulfur on membrane

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55
Q

What is another use for PHB?

A

biodegradable plastic

-water insolube, biocompactible, heavier than water

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56
Q

What are magnetosomes?

A

Bound crystals of magnetite, bound on membrane
Allow motile bacteria to orient itself with Earth’s magnetic field (MAGNETOTAXIS)
allows to find optimal conditions

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57
Q

Where are magnetosomes?

A

Found on membranes of G- aquatic species

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58
Q

How can they be used in medicine?

A

advantages over nanocrystals

way to deliver targeted drugs?

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59
Q

What is a pili?

A

Bacterial adhesion
Found on outside of bacterial cell, can come in many forms
Some can be used for bacterial conjugation
Some can be used for special motility (twitching motility)

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60
Q

Where are pili found>

A

In G+ bacteria, found anchored in cell wall

In G- bacteria, found anchored in outer membrane

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61
Q

What is a stalk?

A

Embedded extension of the cytoplasm
secretes factors called HOLDFASTS
antenna to seek out nutrients
allow bacterium to stay in favourable location

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62
Q

What happens with daughter cells when the mother cell has a stalk?

A

When they divide they have a flagella instead of a stalk, which allows it move to a new location

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63
Q

Where are stalks found?

A

In G- bacteria only, aquatic bacteria

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64
Q

What is a bacterial flagella?

A

organelles of motility
Rigid, long, helical, protein structures
Work with chemoreceptors to propel the cell in the right direction “runs” and “tumbles”

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65
Q

Describe the bacterial flagella motor

A

Almost 100% efficient, almost like a propellar

Fueled by ionic gradient across membrane

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66
Q

Describe chemotaxis with regards to bacterial flagellum

A

movement towards a chemical gradient using chemoreceptors
Clockwise- stops forward motion, change direction “tumbles”
Counter Clockwise- attraction, moves cell towards it “runs”

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67
Q

Describe a monotrichous flagellum

A

one flagella coming out of one end

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68
Q

Describe a lophotrichous flagellum

A

multiple/tuft of flagella coming out of one end

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69
Q

Describe a amphitrichous flagellum

A

One flagellum coming out of each end

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70
Q

Peritrichous flagellum

A

Multiple flagella coming out of multiple places. Octopus looking

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71
Q

What is nanotube?

A

Extensions of cell envelope that connects cytoplasm or periplasm between two different cells, allows material transmissions; especially biofilm forming microbes

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72
Q

What is a thermophile?

A

An archaea that can only survive at high temperatures >70C

anaerobe that metabolizes sulfur to H2S, deep sea

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73
Q

What is a psychrophile?

A

Anaerobic heterotrophs, sulfate reducers/nitrite reducing methanotrophs, live in deep permanently cold water

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74
Q

What is a halophile?

A

Hypersaline pools, extreme salt pools, phototroph that forms fragile sheets and floats near surface (gas-filled vesicles)

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75
Q

What is an acidophile?

A

Oxidizes sulfur formm FeS2 to H2SO4, extreme acidic environments, acid mine tailings, no cell wall

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76
Q

What is a methanogen?

A

Generate methane from CO2 H2 and small molecules

make clean methane

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77
Q

What are some applications of methanogens?

A

Making clean methane
Generated from electrical currents
methane produced is carbon neutral
Can be harnessed to make fuel potentially

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78
Q

Difference between bacterial and archaeal cell wall

A

Bacteria-
D-glycerol fatty acids linked by ESTER links
Archaea-
L-glycerol fatty acids linked by ETHER links

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79
Q

Archaea cell wall overview

A

Lack lipids found in other domains but had side chains with repeating units of ISOPRENE which form together to make isoprenoid

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80
Q

How can archael cell walls get stronger

A

Some isoprene links are covalently bonded to each other which increases their rigidness/strength

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81
Q

What are some differences in archaeal cell walls

A

Cell wall can be very similar to bacteria but pseudopeptidoglycan is used instead
not affected by lysozyme or penicillin

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82
Q

what is phototrophic archaea

A

Do not use chlorophyll are not photosynthetic
Use retinal-based ion pump on membrane (Bacteriorhodopsin)- gives a purple colour
Coupled with ATP synthesis for cell
Still needs to supplement energy needs with carbon

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83
Q

Archaea in biotechnology

A
  • Extremophiles make extremozymes
  • Arachael make good vaccine adjuvents
  • A source of novel antibiotic classes
  • bacteriorhodopsin nanoswitch
  • treatment of wastewater
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84
Q

What are Opisthokonts

A

Strech of DNA present in fungi and animals but no other clade so they become one clade

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85
Q

What are eukaryotic flagella?

A

They are bigger and contain microtubules, are more flexible and wave instead instead of turning

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86
Q

What is the closest relative to humans?

A

Chanoflagellate

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87
Q

What are some evidence points to show that chanoflagellate could be related to humans

A

Have immunoglobin genes but no immune system
collagen, adherin, integrin domains but no skeleton
Tyrosine kinase genes but do not signal or communicate

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88
Q

What are some defining features of fungi?

A 
Eukaryotic
Reproduce using spores 
heterotrophic (absorptive) 
Cell wall with chitin 
Cell membrane with ergosterol 
Nature's recyclers
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89
Q

What are some defining features of yeast?

A

Unicellular fungi
Do not use hyphae to obtain nutrients
used in food manufacture
good models of eukaryotic biology

90
Q

How do yeast reproduce?

A

Reproduces by budding, where a smaller part of the yeast molecule buds off to another cell asexually and leaves behind a bud scar on the original molecule

91
Q

What is the yeast life cycle?

A

Alternates between haploid and diploid stages, haploid to gametes to 2n zygote to meiosis to haploid
Haploid in unfavourable conditions
Diploid for genetic diversity

92
Q

How does hyphae growth work?

A

Chitin allows fungi to penetrate tough food sources
1. Cytoplasm moves towards tip of apical growth zone, driven by turgor pressure
2. regulated by uptake of K+ ions and h+ pumped out
3 septa form as walls across the hypha so that the cytoplasm is in different compartments

93
Q

What is mycelium? What if it is apart of the roots system?

A

Branched mass of extending hyphae
Mycorrhizae( provides service to plants by extending the network of absorption and provide nutrients outside of immediate zone)

94
Q

What is a mushroom?

A

fruiting body of some fungi, true mushroom = Basidiomycetes

95
Q

What is an ameba?

A

Microscopic lumps of jelly,
They have an ectoplasm and an endoplasm
Through production of pseudopods; controlled complex motion
Free-living predators in soil or water (use phagocytosis)

96
Q

How does a pseudopod move?

A

Polymerization of actin and this polymer rolls over like a tank tread, membrane projections help cell adhere to surface and the contractile vacuole helps control the water content of the cell

97
Q

What is a slime mold?

A

Have cellulose not chitin in cell walls

Type of amebas???

98
Q

What is cellular community of amebas?

A

Swarms come together in response to a signal

99
Q

What is a plasmodial community of amebas?

A

Swarms come together and fuse into a giant cell with many nuclei

100
Q

What is a radiolarin?

A

An ameba with shells (tests) made of silican, pseudopods come out of holes in shells

101
Q

What is primary symbiosis?

A

Prokaryote + Eukaryote= Eukaryote

102
Q

What is secondary symbiosis?

A

Eukaryote + Eukaryote = Eukaryote

103
Q

what are the main features of algae?

A

Primary Producers/ phytoplankton

Can be primary or secondary or more possibly

104
Q

what are the main features of primary algae?

A

Share lineages with plants
Have two major clades:
Chlorophyta (green algae)
Rhodophyta (red algae)

105
Q

What makes red algae unique?

A

Coloured red with phycoerythrin and can colonize deeper water columns because they can absorb green and blue light

106
Q

What are Diatoms>

A

Secondary algae that are unicellular
Have a protective bipartate shell (frustule)
Interesting cell division (keeps getting smaller…)
Dead diatoms become dichotomous earth

107
Q

What are kelps?

A

brown algae
Store lipids such as leucocin
“Sargassum Weed”
Form floating forests to support ecosystems

108
Q

What are alveolates?

A

flattened vacuoles “alveoli” withing their outer cortex
Most have cilia or flagella
Are usually predators, reproduce sexually
Type of protist

109
Q

What are dinoflagellates?

A 
"Phototrophic alveolates" 
Marine phytoplankton 
Highly motile with 2 flagella 
One flagella wrapped around body  in specialized groove 
Secondary or tertiary algal symbionts
Supplement photosynthesis with predation
110
Q

What the official definition of a virus?

A

Non cellular particle that must infect a host cell where it reproduces

111
Q

What are giruses?

A

Larger than some bacteria, very large genomes, difficult to crack, packages ribosome proteins

112
Q

Why can they be useful?

A

control infections/biofouling
delivery vehicles for gene therapy
used as cloning vectors
filamentous phage particles can be ussed to crytallize conducting nanowires

113
Q

What is the host range?

A

Each species of virus infects a particular group of host species, most have narrow host range

114
Q

Typical virus contains:

A 
virion/virus particle 
Genetic material (DNA or RNA)
Capsid (protective protein coat) 
Optional glycoprotein coat 
surface proteins for attachment
115
Q

What is the virus envelope composed of?

A

Plasma membrane of infected host cell
Tegument( accessory proteins)
Takes a piece of the membrane when it buds out of the cell

116
Q

What is an icosahedral structure?

A

3-fold or 5-fold
20 triangular faces (largest # possible)
favoured packaging of most material in smallest subunits

117
Q

What is a filamentous structure?

A

helical symmetry

RNA genome coiled into helical capsid structure, varies in size

118
Q

What is the multiple helical packages structure?

A

Several helical genome segments

Can enable virus to package different number of RNA segments which allows for rapid evolution of new strains

119
Q

What are complex virus structures?

A

Iscosahedral head coat plus a helical “neck” which is an elaborate delivery device
Tail fibres look for/bind to host, end plate comes into contact
Cytoplasm can go to place in capsid, genetic material quickly shot into the cell

120
Q

What is asymmetrical virus structures?

A

No symmetrical capside
DNA enclosed by core envelope; double stranded DNA surrounded by an outer membrane
Can have evolved from degenerate proteins

121
Q

What are some characteristics of viral genomes?

A

Very simple and efficiently packaged
Overlapping genes
Ressembles eukaryotic mRNA
Polypeptides cleaved in different ways to form different proteins

122
Q

Waht are long terminal repeats (LTR)

A

signature of a viral incorporation event in a host genome

123
Q

What is a viroid?

A

Extremely simple, no capsid, mostly infects plants and are RNA molecules

124
Q

What is a prion>

A

Protein only, aberrant proteins from host cell which forms an abnormal structure, interaction with normal form results in transformation to prion form and multiple forms aggregate and cause cell death

125
Q

What are the criteria of the International Commitee on taxonomy of viruses

A 
Genome composition
Capsid Symmetry 
Envelope
Size of virus particle 
Host range
126
Q

What are the criteria for the Baltimore Virus Classification

A

Genome classification

Since all viruses have to make mRNA to produce proteins, how the mRNA is produced is central to the classification

127
Q

Group 1: ds DNA viruses

A

(ds DNA to +mRNA)
Make their own DNA polymerase or use host’s
transcribe genes using RNA polymerase
Bacteriophage T4, Pox, Giruses, Archael virus

128
Q

Group 2; ss DNA viruses

A

(ss DNA to ds DNA to +mRNA)
Requires host DNA polymerase to generate complementary strand
Is transcribed by host RNA polymerase
Bacteriophage M13, Parovirus, gemini virus

129
Q

Group 3: ds RNA viruses

A

(+- ds RNA to +mRNA)
Require viral RNA-dependant RNA polymerase for mRNA
Required immediately after infection usually made and packaged in virion
reoviruses

130
Q

Group 4: (+) sense ss RNA viruses

A

(+RNA to -RNA to +mRNA)
(+) is coding strand
serves directly as mRNA but needs to made (-) strand to make ds intermediate for replication
Poliovirus, rhino virus

131
Q

Group 5: (-) sense ss RNA viruses

A 
(-RNA to +mRNA)
Genomes have template RNA
require viral RNA-dependant RNA polymerase for transcription of (-) RNA to (+) mRNA 
may be segmented viruses 
Influenza, ebola, measles, rabies
132
Q

Group 6: Retroviruses

A

(+RNA to -DNA to +DNA to +mRNA)
(+) strand RNA genomes, RNA reverse transcribing genomes
Package their own reverse transcriptase
RNA to ds DNA which gets incorporated into host genome
HIV, SIV, FLV

133
Q

Group 7: Pararetroviruses

A

(+mRNA to ds DNA)
Dna reverse transcribing viruses
Requires reverse transcriptase (host or their own)
copy genomes into RNA then reverse transcribe to DNA
hepatitis B, mosaic virus

134
Q

What are human endogenous retroviruses?

A

8% of human genome
remains of ancient viruses incorporated into genome
become degraded and non funcional supposedly

135
Q

What is the virulent replication pathway>

A

Lytic pathway,

inserts DNA, cycle DNA, DNA is replicated, packed into capsids, cell is lysed and its contents are released

136
Q

What is the temperate replication pathway?

A

Lysogenic pathway,
Inserts DNA, becomes prophage (phage DNA) inserts into host genome, bacteria DNA reproduces with host genome, can enter lytic pathway if there is stress

137
Q

What is the slow release replication pathway>

A

Replicates using host cell, goes through but does not lyse cell, slows down metabolism

138
Q

Describe parts of the prokaryotic immune system

A

It is adaptive
Can have short DNA sequences analogous to viral DNA
CRISPR
RNA expressed when attacked by phage, this triggers defensive phage DNA cleavage system

139
Q

Prokaryotic cell growth and replication is:

A

By binary fission, vertical transmission, asexual

140
Q

Genome replication of prokaryotes involves:

A

DNA formed into a loop
Semi-conservative replication: one of parental strands is inherited by the daughter cell
DNA unwinds at fixed origin and proceeds in both directions

141
Q

What is bacterial transformation>

A

UPtake of naked DNA to incorporate into its own genome (taken from cells that have lysed)
Or
uptake of plasmid DNA to replicate in cell

142
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

Extrachromosal DNA, smaller than a chromosome, encodes accessory function, autonomous replication

143
Q

What is bacterial conjugation?

A

Cell-cell contact mediated by sex pilus
can even happen with different species
Requires presence of special plasmid to direct process. F+ is a donor and F- is an acceptor
Pilus only facilitates close contact and membrane fusion

144
Q

What is bacterial transduction?

A

Bacteriophage mediated
Packaging viral DNA into capsids is a sloppy process,
host DNA packaged instead by accident
as bacteriophages are released transfer host DNA to another cell

145
Q

What is generation time>

A

In an environment with unlimited ressources, bacteria divide at this constant interval (doubling time)

146
Q

What is Lag phase>

A

Cell adjusting to environment and sensing nutrients, no real growth

147
Q

What is exponential phase?

A

Early- cells growing at max rate, large cells

Late- slowing of growth rate due to cell density

148
Q

What is stationary phase?

A

Cell numbers stop rising, lack of nutrients and more waste
Cells become smaller, there is a stress response, sporulation
Shown by a plateau

149
Q

What is Death phase>

A

Logarithmic, longer than exponential phase as nutrients become available when cells die

150
Q

What is bacterial cell sporulation?

A

Certain G+ bacteria can place themselves in suspended animation (endospore formation)
Germination returns when optimal conditions return

151
Q

What do cells do if they cannot sporulate>.

A

Get smaller
cell walls get thicker
glycogen stores are laid down
nutrient transporters and stress response proteins are expressed

152
Q

What are fimbrial jackets>

A

Bacterial species knit a complex coat of cellulose and fimbrial protein to protect against drying and cold

153
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Microbes tend to stick together in these specialized structures, a lot in aquatic ecosystems

154
Q

Why can biofilms be bad

A

Damage equipment, contaminate abiotic substance in body, can cause tooth decay

155
Q

Why can biofilms be good

A

Allow microbes to work together to metabolize

156
Q

What are the steps of formation of biofilms>

A 
Attachment
mIcrocolonies
Exopolysaccharides (EPS) production to bind cells together (inorganic and organic substances)
Mature biofilm
Dissolution
157
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

prokaryotes have a unique language to sense presence of their friends or enemies to trigger behaviours

158
Q

What is an oligotroph?

A

An increased growth rate in low nutrient conditions, most bacteria are like this

159
Q

what are phylogenomics>

A

Nucleic acids

taxonomic reference genes (snapshot of ecosystem)

160
Q

What are metagenomes?

A

Sequencing/assembling of entire genomes from ecosystem

161
Q

What are metatranscriptomics?

A

entire collections of mRNA from ecosystem, take mRNA to find complementary DNA sequence to see genes

162
Q

What are proteomics?

A

amiino acid sequences and identifying collection of signatures

163
Q

What are lipidomics

A

identifying lipid signatures in ecosystems

164
Q

What are metabolomics>

A

detect/identifying molecules from an ecosystem and their overall activity in an ecosystem

165
Q

What is assimilation

A

Organisms acquire an element to build into cells

Sometimes can assimilate form inorganic sources (Primary Producers)

166
Q

What is dissimilation

A

Organisms break down organic nutrients and convert them to inorganic minerals through oxidation

167
Q

What are some services of dissimilation?

A

Creates minerals for plants

Wastewater treatment

168
Q

What do primary producers do?

A

Absorb energy from the outside and assimilate minerals to biomass

169
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Both species benefit and have trouble being independant from each other

170
Q

What is synergism?

A

Both species benefit but can grow independant of each other and easily separate

171
Q

What is amensalism?

A

One benefits by harming another, relationship is not defined

172
Q

What is commensalism?

A

One benefits and one is neither harmed or benefitted

173
Q

What is parasitism?

A

One harms the other by being a parasite and invading the host

174
Q

Describe the lichen symbiosis?

A

Includes fungus, cyanobacteria, algae
Fungus is for protection
cyanobacteria is for fixing nitrogen
Algae is for photosynthesis and to disperse the lichen further with the fungus

175
Q

What are the different types of plankton?

A

Microplankton (20-200 micrometer)
Nanoplankton (2-20 micrometer)
Picoplankton (0.3-2 micrometer)
Femtoplankton (<0.3 micrometer)

176
Q

What do plankton colonize?

A

suspended particles called “marine snow”

Tends to be in thin concentrated layers

177
Q

What is the neuston layer?

A

The top 10 micrometer thick layer of the ocean, most microbes in this area

178
Q

What is the euphotic zone?

A

Zone with light available (0-200 m or less in coastal regions)

179
Q

What is the aphotic zone?

A

Zone where there is no light

180
Q

What did Holger Jannasch discover?

A

That it takes up to 100x longer to decompose in water than on Earth

181
Q

Describe what a thermal vent is

A

Where techtonic plates meet, fissures in ground, waater seeps to hot heated by magma in Earth, reacts and becomes full of minerals which are released out of vents as precipitants, not permanent

182
Q

What are some other places that are teeming with life in the Ocean

A

Wherever there are rich sources of carbon:
Whale falls
Cold Seeps
Shipwreck

183
Q

What is eutrophication?

A

When there is runoff or fertilizer or other minerals into a lake which causes a surplus of phosphates and other minerals which are eaten up by microbes that use up oxygen which creates an oxygen dead zone and kills off other species

184
Q

What is the Organic horizon in soil?

A

Fungi/slime molds that are in the process of decomposing decaying matter such as leaves, can still tell what it was originally

185
Q

what is the aerated horizon in soil?

A

Decomposed organic matter, may not be able to tell what it was before

186
Q

What is the eluviated horizon in soil?

A

Insoluble particles leached by rain water

187
Q

What is the water table in soil?

A

Ground water, has organic materials and minerals, is anoxic

188
Q

What is the bedrock in soil>

A

Crust/rocks in the earth, only endoliths are found here (rock eaters)

189
Q

What are streptomyces?

A

Soil microbes that make their own antibiotics and contribute to the smell of soil

190
Q

What are nematodes>

A

Microscopic worms in the top of the soil

191
Q

What is the rhizosphere?

A

Area just outside of plant roots that is rich with nutrients and microbes

192
Q

What do microbes in the rhizosphere do?

A

Help to protect plant from pathogens
May fix nitrogen
Feed off nutrients of the plant

193
Q

What is endomycorrhizae?

A

Fungi that invade the root cells and form arbuscules

Completely dependant on plant host

194
Q

What are endophytes?

A

Grow within plant tissue
form nitrogen fixing organ for the host plant
need anaerobic root nodule pigment that removes O2
e.g. plant roots and rhizobia (bacteria)

195
Q

What are the majority of microbes in humans?

A

Bacteria or bacteriophage

196
Q

What are the body defenses

A

Non specific

and adaptive/non-adaptive immune system

197
Q

what is a commensal?

A

A bacteria found at a non sterile site in the body

198
Q

What is the microbiome?

A

Genetic potential of constortium (microbes their genes and the molecules they produce)

199
Q

What is the microbiota?

A

Cell consortium of colonizing microbes

200
Q

What can happen if a microbiota switches location?

A

Can cause abnormal function and disease

201
Q

Describes skin microbes

A

Difficult to colonize the skin but are a lot more in moist areas
Mostly gram positive because of thick cell wall
Staphlycoccus aureus, propionibacterium acnes

202
Q

Describe mouth microbes

A

First colonized by non pathogenic Neiser spp. (gram -) and streptococcus, lactobacillius (gram +)
As teeth emerge more bacteria emerge in gums and enamel
Most common site of infection

203
Q

Describe nose and oropharynx microbes

A

Dominated by Firmicutes and Actinomycetes (usually one more than the other)
Nasophorynx- staphlycoccus aureus and s. epidermis
Oropharynx- similar composition of microbes to saliva

204
Q

Describe lung microbes

A

Mainly anaerobes

Microbiota in lung diseases seem to be distinct for each condition

205
Q

Describe genitourinary tract microbes

A

kidneys and bladder usually sterile
urethra contain s.epidermis and enterobacteraceae (UTIs)
Vaginal microbiota composition changes with menstrual cycle
Acidic secretions are Lactobacillius

206
Q

Describe stomach microbes

A

low pH so few microbes

H. pylori

207
Q

What is hypochlorydia?

A

When stomach acidity decreases usually due to malnutrition which leads to disease most likely

208
Q

Describe intestine microbes

A

Many microbes in feces
Most important place for microbes is the colon
Has the same metabolic activity as the liver

209
Q

What happens with high gut diversity>

A

Healthy, balance, functional redundancy, resistance to damage

210
Q

What happens with low gut diversity

A

sink ecosystem, imbalance, functional disability, susceptible to damage

211
Q

What are metabolic uses of gut microbes?

A 
Fermentation
vitamin production
removal of toxins
IEC differentiation
Energy
Antimicrobial secretion
Competition for sites and nutrients
212
Q

What are protective uses of gut microbes

A 
Colonization resistance
Innate/adaptive immunity
Inflammatory cytokine oversight 
Immune system/barrier
Competition for sites and nutrients
Antimicrobial secretion
213
Q

What are structural uses of gut microbes

A 
Intestinal villi and crypts 
tight junctions
Slg A production
mucus secretion 
Immune system/barrier 
Energy
Competition for sites and nutrients
214
Q

How are microbes protective against pathogens in the gut?

A

Competitve exclusion
environment modification
host stimulation

215
Q

what are gnotobiotic animals

A

Animal where associated microbes are known

216
Q

What are some characteristics of gnotobiotic animals

A 
Poor immune system 
low cardiac output 
More calories needed
Thin intestinal wall 
abnormal ceae
odd behaviour 
misshapen mitochondria
217
Q

Who is David Vetter?

A

The boy in the bubble

218
Q

What is a microbial mat?

A

floating islands of biodiversity that support multiple trophic levels in neat layers

219
Q

What is the typical composition of a microbial mat?

A

Cyanobacteria
Aerobic bacteria and archaea
Anoxic layers (purple sulfur and sulfate reducing)

220
Q

What microbes are cold and dry environments home to?

A

Rock eaters or endoliths

also have cyanobacteria

221
Q

Archaeal viruses

A

Sulfolobus (low pH and heat)

Resemble bacteriophage in size and behaviour but have spindle-shaped capsule with turrets

Micr2420 (1 decks)

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