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MICR Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is brightfield microscopy?

A

Stained (colored) on light background

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2
Q

What does phase contrast microscopy show?

A

Dark cells on gray background

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3
Q

What is differential interference contrast microscopy?

A

Gray background with cells that have one light edge and one dark edge Pseudo 3d effect

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4
Q

What is fluorescence microscopy?

A

False-colored OR white on dark background

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5
Q

What does darkfield microscopy display?

A

Bright cells on dark background

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6
Q

What is SEM?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy, looks very 3-D with lots of detail

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7
Q

What is TEM?

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy, typically slices through cells with lots of detail

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8
Q

What is the definition of a genome?

A

The complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism

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9
Q

Distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Prokaryotes lack a nucleus; eukaryotes have a nucleus

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10
Q

Distinguish among bacteria, archaea, microscopic eukaryotes, and viruses

A
  • Bacteria and Archaea look the same are different on the molecular level
  • Microscopic eukaryotes- have a nucleus but are small
  • Viruses- not alive and don’t self replicate
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11
Q

Give two ways microbes are involved in human food production.

A

Bread
Beer

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12
Q

How have microbes affected human history?

A
  • Disease outbreaks Covid 19
  • Contributions to deaths of soldiers during war
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13
Q

Place the following event on a timeline:

A

observation of
contagious diseases (~1550), microscopic observation of microbes
(1676), disproving of spontaneous generation (1688 for maggots, 1864
for bacteria), sterilization (1765), vaccines (1798), antiseptics (1847),
pure microbial culture (1882), Koch’s postulates (1884), gram staining
(1884), antibiotics discovered (1929), antibiotics enter widespread use
beginning with penicillin (1944)

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14
Q

Who disproved spontaneous generation with maggots?

A

Francisco Redi

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15
Q

What is Koch’s postulates?

A

A series of criteria to establish a causative relationship between a microbe and a disease
1. Microbe found in all cases of disease but not in healthy individuals
2. Microbe can be isolated from diseased host and grown in pure
culture
3. Introduction of the microbe into a healthy host will result in the
same disease
4. Microbe can be re-isolated from the newly diseased host, and
shows the same characteristics in culture

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16
Q

Define resolution in microscopy.

A

The ability to distinguish two separate points as distinct shorter distance better resolution

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17
Q

Define millimeter, micrometer, and nanometer and the factors among them

A

factor is always 1000
1000 micrometers in a milimeter
1000 nanometer in a micrometer

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18
Q

Define magnification. Empty magnification

A

The process of enlarging the apparent size of an object
Empty- making an image larger but not more clearly

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19
Q

Identify and distinguish microbial shapes such as rods, filaments, cocci, spirals, and
hyphal (branching) filaments

A
  • Rods- bacilli
  • Filaments- long rods
  • Cocci- sphere
  • Spirals- corksrew
  • Hyphal (branching) filaments- plant roots
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20
Q

What is the function of membrane proteins?

A
  • Transport
  • Structural support
  • Secretion
  • Environmental sensing
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21
Q

What are the components of lipopolysaccharide?

A
  • Lipid A
  • Core oligosaccharide
  • O-antigen
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22
Q

Define biofilm.

A

A structured community of microbial cells embedded in a self-produced polymeric matrix

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23
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The process of converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by living organisms

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24
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Microorganisms that thrive in extreme environmental conditions

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25
Define halophiles.
Organisms that thrive in high salt concentrations
26
Distinguish between strict anaerobes and strict aerobes.
* Strict anaerobes: Require absence of oxygen * Strict aerobes: Require oxygen
27
What is the D-value in microbiology?
The time required to reduce the microbial population by one log cycle
28
What is generation time?
The time it takes for a population to double in size
29
Describe the environments where microbes live on Earth
30
Describe Robert Hooke's microscopic observations and contribution to biology
Used compound microscope, coined term "cells"
31
Describe Antoine van Leeuwenhoek's observations of bacteria
Used magnifier, found bacteria
32
33
Lazzaro
Showed sealing a glass with both
34
Pasteur
Lack of oxygen, swan-neck flask
35
Describe how John Tyndall discovered spores and killed them
Found repeated boiling and cooling broth , found spores that were resistant to boiling
36
Describe the germ theory of disease and contrast it with the four-humors theory that dominated for millennia
Infection diseases are caused by microorganisms four-humors theory- Disease wer caused by disbalance in the four-humors
37
Describe the basic theory behind immunization and why it works
Expose body to infectious agent and creates immunity
38
Describe the use of antiseptics and aseptic environments as ways to prevent microbial infections
Antispetics- Surface Aseptic enviro- block a pathogen
39
Define an antibiotic and name the first highly successful antibiotic
Antibiotic- compound that kills or stops the growth of bacteria but doesn't not harm the host. Penecillin
40
Describe a Winogradsky column and its relationship to microbial ecosystems
Wino- tiny microbial system in a bottle
41
Describe microbial nitrogen fixation and its importance
Taking gas N2 and turning it into solioble nitrogen (ammonium)
42
Describe extremophiles and why they can be useful to humans
Extre- microbes that live in extreme enviroments. can be useful to use there enzymes
43
Define a microbiomes and distinguh it from microbitoa
Microbiome- e for everywhere Microbitoa- man, adam
44
Describe how bacteria were at the forefront of the DNA revolution in biology
Most of what we know comes from studies in bacteria
45
Name several field in micro
-environmental - molecular - food - medical - forencsic
46
Describe light microscopy and how the wavelength of light is related to resolutio
smaller the wavelength higher the resolution
47
Describe the steps required to observe a specimen in a microscope
- immobilize the specimen, stain it, put it on a slide
48
Reflection
Light bounces off
49
Refraction
Bending of light as it passes thorough one medium
50
Scattering
When light reacts with a smaller wavelenth than light
51
Name ways to achieve contrast in both light and electron microscocpy
electron- staining with metals light- phase-contrast or stain
52
Distinguish between a simple stain and a differential stain
simple- everything Differential- specific things
53
Distinguish among and describe with respect to their basic principles, uses, and advantages and disadvantages: * brightfield microscopy * darkfield microscopy * phase-contrast microscopy * differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy * fluorescence microscopy * super-resolution microscopy * transmission electron microscopy * scanning electron microscopy * cryo-electron microscopy and tomography
Bright- can't use live cells, no special equitment Dark- sees small things, nned clean media Phase- Look at live cells, DIC- Live cells, fluorescence- can see subcellular, need florescent molecule Super- requires special dyesixed, stained and dried Tran- Sliced cell Scan- seeing surfaces Cryo- looking at isolated protein complexes
54
Briefly describe the basic principles of X-ray diffraction
Shoot crystal with an x-ray beam
55
Describe the chemical composition of bacterial membranes (cytoplasmic and outer) and the cell wall
cyto- made of phosolipids Outer- outer leaflet also has LPS Cell- petogydican
56
Define the major components of the cytoplasm and their functions: DNA, mRNA, ribosomes
ribo- make protein
57
Describe the structure and properties of phospholipids and how this relates to membrane structure
structure of head group and fat acids
58
Decribe some of the function of membrane proteins
transport, structural support, secretion, and enivironmental sensing.
59
Describe the difference between bacterial and archaeal membrane lipids
one in chemical bond between head and tail group
60
Describe the structure of the bacterial cell wall, its cellular function, and the roles of the glycan strands and peptide cross-bridges
its one big macromolecule, retain pressure glycan-lend strength to the wall Peptide- stretch to the wall
61
Define the cell envelope and describe the typical differences between gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and mycobacteria with respect to the cell envelope
The cytoplasmic membrane and everything outside of it. Pos- purple, think layer Neg- pink, thin, outer membrane myco- mycomembrane
62
Identify the components of lipopolysaccharide
lipid A, core polychacride, O antigen
63
Periplasm
Space in gram neg between the cytoplasmic membrane and the cell wall
64
Name three bacterial cytoskeletal elements and define their functions
memory B- gives cell rod same cresenten- curved shape FTSZ- where the cell divides
65
Describe cell division and septation
one cell becoming two septation is the process that divided one cell into two
66
Briefly describe the transcription and translation processes, from gene to protein, and where they take place
In the cytoplasm
67
Describe different ways that bacterial cells grow (
cocci synthesizing new hemispheres; rods elongating from the sidewall or growing from tips)
68
Describe the function of cell extensions such as pili and stalks
pili- like sticky ropes stalks- help cells get nutrients
69
Describe the bacterial flagellum and flagellar motor
helical filament made of proteins
70
Define chemotaxis and briefly describe how it works to move bacteria towards an attractant via a “biased random walk”
counterclock- the "run" Clock- tumbles
71
Distinguish between macronutrients and micronutrients, giving examples of each
macro- lots, snops micro-little, cobalt, zink
72
Distinguish between heterotrophy and autotrophy
heter- get biomass from chemicals ex eating auto- get carbon from Co2
73
Distinguish between photoautotrophy and chemolithoautotrophy
photo- fix carbon into solubale form using light Chemo- fixing carbon with chemicals
74
Distinguish between photoheterotrophy and chemoheterotrophy
photohetero- using light and using gas to fix carbon Chemoheter-using soliable carbon and to fix carbon
75
Define nitrogen fixation in terms of its chemical input and output
Taking nitrogen and fixing it in- N2 Out- amonium
76
iscuss ways to import nutrients into a cell across the cell membrane(s)
Faciliated ,coupled, symport, anti
77
Facilitated diffusion
Moving down a concentration gradient using a channel
78
Coupled transport, symbort, and anti
Couple- using energy going down to push something up Symbort- both going same direction in or out Anti- opp direction powered by the diffusion of ion going down concentration gradient.
79
ABC transporter
ATP binding Cassette powered by ATP
80
Group translocation
takes a modify a particular compound when coming into the cell.
81
Siderophore
grabs on iron and then taken by cell
82
Bacterial colony
Million of growth on a plate
83
confluent growth
To much growth ,lawn of bacteria
84
Complex and synthetic media
comp- media we don't know what in it syn- Something we don't know what's in it
85
DISTINGUISH SELECTIVE AND DIFFERENTIAL MEDIA
Sel-allows some growth while prohibiting some Dif- let multiple things grow
86
DNA sequencing
A way to detect presence of unculturable bacteria
87
Planktonic growth
Cells growing as single cells in a liquid
88
Growth rate and relation to pop size
The rate of growth
89
Gen tim/ doubling time
time the pop doubles
90
Describe some of the culture conditions that can change generation time
Temp, nutrient, access to oxygen
91
Batch culture
Growth in a closed system EX flask
92
Continous culture
Uliminted growth
93
Phases of bacterial growth in batch culture
1, Lag 2.Log(exponential) 3.Stationary 4. Death
94
Biofilm
Collection of bacteria cells held togethor in an extracelluar matrix Ex plaque
95
Bacterial extracellular matrix
DNA, polychacrides, proteins
96
Stages of biofil
1. find surface 2. form microcolines 3. Secrete matrix 4. grow towers and leave to spread
97
endospore
Survival cell formed inside the mother cell
98
Spores
Dehydrated, hard to get rid off
99
Extremophile
Bacteria living in extreme life levels
100
Explain the relationship between growth rate and relative temperature
Heating up or cooling down things
101
Psychrophile
(0-20c)
102
mesophiles
(15-45)C
103
Thermophiles( 40-80)
104
Hyperthermophiles
65-121c)
105
Barophile/ Piexophile
Need high pressure
106
Osmotic pressure
cell wall
107
Halophiles
Love salt
108
Philic and tolerant species
Philic- need Tolerant- don't need it
109
neutralophiles, acidophiles, and alkaliphiles with respect to their preferred growth pH
ne-5-8 acid- 0-5 alka- 9-12, use sodium
110
Distinguish strict anaerobes, strict aerobes, facultative microbes, and microaerophiles
Strict ana- cant live in oxygen strict aero- need oxygen Fac- can live with or without oxygen Microaerophiles-grow al low oxygen
111
Distinguish among sterilization, disinfection, antisepsis, and sanitation with respect to controlling microbes
Ster- kills everything even microbes Dis- ,lowering to safe levels, anti- lowering to safe levels on tissue sanitation- reducing microbial polution to safe levels
112
Autoclave
using steam 15 psi, for 20 min 121c
113
physical and chemical agents for microbial control and give at least 2 examples of each
Chem- chemicals that react with living things EX bleach and ethonal Phy- Filtration, radiation, sterilzation steam
114
Distinguish among different methods of pasteurization
Low temp for long time 63c for 30 min High temp Short time ( 72c for 15 sec)
115
D-value
The amount of time it takes a microbial generation to get rid of 90 %
116
Phage therapy
Uses bacteria phages(virus) to attack a bacteria infection

Micro Lec ExM 1 (2 decks)

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