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Applied Archaeological Methods > Michaelmas > Flashcards

Michaelmas Flashcards

1
Q

What did Pitt-Rivers contribute to archaeology?

A

importance of military approach and emphasised publication/recording.

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2
Q

What is the difference between how bulk finds and small finds are treated during excavation?

A

store small finds separately to bulk finds

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3
Q

What do field archaeologists mean by the term ‘context’

A

where an artefact is excavated

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4
Q

How did WWII effect the development of British archaeology?

A

In the aftermath of WWII there was a rise of urban archaeology following the blitz, and deeper stratigraphy.

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5
Q

What is stratigraphy and why is it important?

A

the analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains.

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6
Q

What did Mortimer and Tessa Wheeler contribute to archaeology?

A

realised the importance of stratigraphy for establishing relative ages

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7
Q

-It is a right, not a privilege to study archaeological human remainders

A

false

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8
Q

-Age-at-death estimation is more accurate in non-adult skeletons then in adult individuals

A

True

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9
Q

-Preservation of human bones is not affected by climate

A

False

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10
Q

-Biological sex estimation is most accurate when using the skull

A

False

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11
Q
  1. Name FOUR methods of analysis that can be used to study human skeletal remains. Which is the most common method?
A

Macroscopic → most common approach to study
Radiography → use of CT scanning
Microscopic → histology
Biomolecular - aDNA or stable isotopic analysis

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12
Q
  1. State which of the following morphological features are indicative of female sex
A

Wide u-shaped sciatic notch and subpubic angle; sacrum more straight

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13
Q

State which of the following morphological features are indicative of male sex

A

Narrow v-shaped sciatic notch and sub-pubic angle; sacrum more curved

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14
Q
  1. Name FIVE limitations of human palaeopathology
A

Most diseases affect soft tissues
many diseases affect bone in similar ways
Takes a while for diseases to have an impact - only chronic

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15
Q

Name 4 crops cultivated in Neolithic Europe

A

Wheat, oat, barely, corn

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16
Q

List 5 negative effects of urban post medieval environment visible in human skeletal remains

A 
Overcrowding strains resources 
Impacts mortality rates 
Trauma 
Rickets 
Stunted growth
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17
Q

Name one iron tool used for agriculture prior to the Romans arrival in Britain

A

Mouldboard plough

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18
Q

What’s one area the Romans advanced

A

Granaries

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19
Q

Iron tool introduced by the Romans

A

Grass cutting scythe

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20
Q

What ways are water supply linked to health and disease?

A

Cholera outbreaks
No running water
Poor sanitation
Diseases like TB, typhoid and smallpox

21
Q

What symptoms are associated with vitamin D deficiency

A

Poor bone development/ rickets

22
Q

Where in the human skeleton does enamel hypoplasia occur and what does it indicate?

A

Teeth - it is caused by malnutrition, premature birth or viral/ bacterial infection

23
Q

Name the 4 main forest trees of Atlantic Europe

A

Oak, ash, lime and elm

24
Q

Where in the human skeleton do you find Cribra orbitalia and what does this condition indicate?

A

Orbital roof - anaemia or malnutrition

25
Q

What are the five main stages in processing a free threshing crop?

A 
Threshing
Winnowing
Coarse sieving 
Fine sieving 
Hand cleaning
26
Q

What were the most common place taxa found in the guts of the graubelle man?

A

Barley, grass, knotweed, emmer wheat, oat, weeds, he was thought to have been eating fine sieve residue

27
Q

what are the main 5 animals of the last 15,000 years?

A

AUROCHS, ELK, RED DEER, ROE DEER, WILD BOAR.

28
Q

Techniques to test ecology…

A

corering for pollen/ insects/ice cores

29
Q

Pollen coring

A
  • sample the core at chosen intervals
  • Identify several hundred pollen grains in each sample.
  • calculate percentage in each sample.
30
Q

Why can’t we see undergrowth pollen?

A
  • Undergrowth pollen is not present but this doesn’t mean it wasn’t there…..
  • Pollen was required for large mammals’ food and shelter
  • Humans were present (Mesolithic hunter – gatherers)
  • Hazel was present and wouldn’t regenerate under closed canopy
31
Q

Gerhard Bersu

A

identified wooden building impact of the soil, and pioneered the use of aerial photography

32
Q

Brian Hope Taylor

A

Used large open area excavation

33
Q

what affects preservation?

A

inhumation , cremation
Coffin, shroud, depth
Acidity of soil
Disturbance (tree roots and drainage ditches)
Length of time buried
Age - youth have less mineralised, older may have osteoporosis
Cold, Peruvian mummy, Bog body (due to lack of O2 and bacteris

34
Q

4 diseases that affect the skeleton

A

Dental disease - Caries, periapical lesions,
Tuberculosis - associated with poverty, poor living conditions
Venereal Syphilis - later stages affect the skeletons of sufferers eg) cranial
Leprosy - affects the facial bones, fingers and toes

35
Q

describe Medieval agriculture

A

Primitive and badly organised?
Ridge and furrow, open field system
Crop rotation system
Well organised, not primitive

36
Q

how are bones often found?

A

Human skeletons often complete
Animal bones often smashed by human action (precisely what we want to understand)
Bones may never reach the site worked on
Bones broken for marrow (v nutritious and fatty yum)
Dogs!! Domestic dogs eat away at softer bones more than harder bones
Bones also destroyed by acid etching ~ digesting by stomach acid

37
Q

Name four categories of animal bone that are underrepresented if excavation deposits are not sieved

A

fish bones, carpals, loose teeth, cremated bones

38
Q

What were the main FOUR species of domestic animal (in addition to the dog) that were present in Neolithic Britain?

A

goats, pigs, cattle, sheep

39
Q

Name the THREE main animal products/uses originally argued to comprise the ‘Secondary Products Revolution’. Which has subsequently been shown to be of much greater antiquity?

A

cattle for traction and dairy, sheep for wool

lipids from dairy present in ceramics from 7000 BC

40
Q

How do the animal remains AND the plant remains and granaries at Arbeia suggest that the Romans mobilised and utilised agricultural products?

A

south shields granaries had storage for 3,200 tons of grain

there was organisation between who got what meat, commandant get sirloins and the soldiers get the feet

41
Q

List five factors that affect the taphonomy of animal bone assemblages

A

acidity, carbonisation, waterlogging, butchery, burial

42
Q

How do you tell the difference between domestic and wild species of a) goat and b) cattle

A

cattle - domesticated are smaller, high mortality of young cattle
goats - domesticated are larger

43
Q

List five things one can tell from studying the animal bones from a site

A 
potential trade 
hunting practices
diet 
domestication 
ritual
44
Q

Name FIVE domestic animals you might find in a zooarchaeological assemblage in Iceland.

A

sheep, pigs, cows, horses

45
Q

Name FIVE anthropogenic uses of birch trees that are apparent from the Icelandic archaeological record.

A 
building houses
building long boats 
clearing for pastures 
firewood 
making weapons
46
Q

What is a) tephra, b) tephrochronology and c) the Landnám tephra?

A

Tephra - particulate material erupted from a volcano
Tephrochronology is based on the identification, correlation and dating of tephra.
landnam eruption just before Viking arrival allows differentiation

47
Q

Name FIVE types of human impact on the environment that both pre-date and post-date the 19th century cal AD.

A

deforestation, infrastructure, domestication, smoke pollution, waste pollution

48
Q

What is ‘Landnám’, when did it occur in Iceland and what impact did it have on the environment of Iceland?

A

a volcano which erupted just before the Viking arrival, before the eruption
Lots of peat bogs and well preserved lakes
Pre-settlement vegetation of over 27% of landmass covered in mixed birch-willow woodland.

Applied Archaeological Methods (1 decks)

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