Micellaneous

Question 1

Haematuria
- Definition
- Causes

Answer 1

Blood/ Red blood cells in urine

Causes
- Kidney: IgA nephropathy, glomerulonephritis, PCKD, infection, papillary necrosis

• Extrarenal: UTI, urological malignancy, vasculitis, hypertension, SCD, cathetherisation, BPH.
• Coagulopathy: haemophilia, anticoagulation

Question 2

Haematuria
- Investigations

Answer 2

Bloods
- FBC
- ESR
- U+E
- Clotting
- Hb

Imaging
- Abdominal/ Pelvic XR
- Renal, Urinary tract ultrasound
- Cystoscopy

Question 3

Acute interstitial nephritis
- Description
- Causes
- Pathology
- Presentation

Answer 3

Inflammation of the kidney’s interstitium

Causes
- Drug reaction: analgesia, antibiotics (most common)
- Infection

Pathology
- Interstitial oedema
- Inflammatory infiltraton: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes.

Presentation
- Fever
- Generalsed: vomit, nausea.
- Flank pain, dysuria

Signs
- Haematuria
- sterile pyuria
- Eosinophiluria

Question 4

Drugs that cause acute insterstitial nephritis

Answer 4

Antibiotics
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Fluroquinolones

Analgesia
- NSAIDs
- Coxibs

Diuretics

Allopurinol

Question 5

Drugs that cause acute insterstitial nephritis

Answer 5

Antibiotics= most common
- Penicillins
- Cephalosporins
- Macrolides
- Fluroquinolones

Analgesia
- NSAIDs
- Coxibs

Diuretics

Allopurinol

Question 6

The kidney autoregulate systolic bloos pressure at..

Answer 6

80-100mmHg

Question 7

In anti-glomerular basement membrane disease, antibodies are produced to target…

Answer 7

• Alpha-3 change
• Type 4 collagen

Question 8

Pathophysiology of Goodpasture’s

Answer 8

Anti-basement membrane antibodies produced against the glomerulus in the kidneys and alveolar capillaries

Question 9

Presentation of Goodpasture’s syndrome

Answer 9

Constitutional symptoms
- Weight loss, fever, malaise, fatigue

Renal
- Glomerulonephritis= haematuria, proteinuria

Lung
- haemoptysis, SoB