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[EDITED] YEAR 5: Microbiology and Infection PM > MI: Worms > Flashcards

MI: Worms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 main types of helminths and some examples?

A

Cestodes (tapeworm)

  • Hydatid
  • Pork / beef / fish tape worm

Trematodes (Flukes)

  • Lung, liver, intestinal
  • Blood (schistosoma)

Nematodes (Roundworms)

  • Hookworms
  • Ascarids
  • Stongyloides
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2
Q

Describe the tapeworm lifecycle

A
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3
Q

What are hyatids?

A

Dog tape worm (echinococcus)

  • Dog and foxes are definitive hosts
  • Encyst in liver, lungs
  • Complications due to cyst rupture or mass effect
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4
Q

Describe the lifecycle of hyatids?

A
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5
Q

How are cestode infections diagnosed?

A

Visualisation, serology and imaging

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6
Q

How are cestode infections treated (tapeworm and hyatid)?

A

PAIR - puncture, aspiration, injection, reaspiration

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7
Q

Describe the lifecycle of schistosomiasis

A

Lifecycle

  • Cercariae invade human skin when in contact with contaminated water.
  • Worms develop in venous plexus
  • Eggs excreted in faeces or urine
  • Hatch into miracidia, which parasitise snails
  • Snails release cercariae

Adult schistosomes lay eggs

  • Migration of eggs through bladder or bowel causes damage
  • Retrograde passage of eggs into the liver causes “cirrhosis”
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8
Q

Where is schistosomasis endemic to?

A

Africa, SE asia, South America

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9
Q

How is schistosomiasis diagnosed?

A

Microscopy - seeing the eggs

  • Urine - S. haematobium
  • Stool - S. mansoni, S. japonicum

Serology

Biopsy

Response to treatment

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10
Q

Treatment of schistosomiasis

A

Praziquantel

Prevention (hard) - kill snails, education (no swimming or washing)

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11
Q

What are 4 soil-transmitted helminths?

A
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Hookworm
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
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12
Q

Ascaris lifecycle

A

Ingested with food

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13
Q

How many people affected in Ascaris in world

A

1 billion

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14
Q

Describe the lifecycle of strongyloides

A

Only helminth capable of autoinfection

  • Larvae invade skin
  • Mature into adult pinworms in the small bowel
  • Eggs produced, hatch into rhabtidiform larvae
  • These mature into filariform larvae (infectious)
  • These can autoinfect via perianal skin
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15
Q

How do strongyloides cause damage?

A

Generally asymptomatic

  • Hyperinfection
  • Larva currens
  • Malabsorption
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16
Q

How is strongyloides treated?

A

Ivermectin

17
Q

What is filariasis?

A

Nematode infections spread by blackflies and mosquitoes

Categories according to the worm tropism

  • Lymphatic filariasis (Wuchereria, Brugia)
  • Subcutaneous filariasis (Onchocerciasis, Mansonella, Loa loa)
  • Serous cavity filariasis (Mansonella, Dirofilaria)

Adult worms release larvae (microfilariae) taken up by vector

18
Q

How does tissue damage occur in filariasis?

A
  • Adult worms: lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis, scrotal swelling), also oncho (nodules)
  • Microfilariae: Onchocerciasis (depigmentation, river blindness)
19
Q

How is filariasis diagnosed?

A
  • Microscopy - blood film, skin snips
  • Serology (ELISA)
  • Imaging - find adult worms (USS dance sign)
20
Q

How is filariasis treated?

A

Combination of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) with albendazole

21
Q

Describe the lifecycle of filariasis

A
22
Q

What is myiasis?

A

Asphyxiate larve by covering wound with vaseline

23
Q

What is this?

A

Ginea worm - only worm that comes out your leg

24
Q

Worms coming out of febrile child?

A

Nematode (ascaria) - does not like heat

25
Q

What is this?

A

Dog hookworm

  • Someone stepped in sand infected with dog poo
  • Dog hookworms cannot migrate properly so remain local to invasion site
26
Q

Describe 2 main parasite screening investigations.

A
  • Microscopy
  • Serology
27
Q

What is commonly seen on FBC in helminth infection?

A

Eosinophilia

28
Q

How are Hookworms and Ascaricides managed?

A

Mebendazole (they are both round worms and similar to threadworms)

[EDITED] YEAR 5: Microbiology and Infection PM (26 decks)

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