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YEAR 5: Microbiology and Infection > MI: Urinary Tract Infection > Flashcards

MI: Urinary Tract Infection Flashcards

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1
Q

In which situation is asymptomatic bacteriuria clinically significant?

A

Pregnancy - associated with increased risk of complications

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2
Q

What is the difference between uncomplicated and complicated UTI?

A
  • Uncomplicated - infection in a structurally and neurologically normal urinary tract
  • Complicated - infection in a urinary tract with functional or structural abnormalities (includes indwelling catheters and calculi)
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3
Q

In which groups of patients are UTIs considered ‘complicated’?

A
  • Men
  • Pregnant women
  • Children
  • Hospitalised patients
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4
Q

Which organism most commonly causes UTI?

A

E. coli

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5
Q

List some other organisms that cause UTI.

A
  • Proteus mirabilis
  • Klebsiella aerogenes
  • Enterococcus faecalis
  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis (can cause infection in the presence of prosthesis (e.g. procedures, indwelling catheters))
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6
Q

Which virulence factor allows S. saprophyticus to stick to the urinary tract epithelium?

A

P-fimbriae

NOTE: S. saprophyticus causes infection in young women

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7
Q

List some antibacterial host defences in the urinary tract.

A
  • Urine (osmolality, pH, organic acids)
  • Urine flow and micturition
  • Urinary tract mucosa (bactericidal activity, cytokines)
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8
Q

What is an ascending UTI?

A

The infection ascends from the female introitus and periurethral area

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9
Q

List some causes of urinary tract obstruction.

A

Extra-renal

  • Valves, stenosis or bands
  • Calculi
  • BPH

Intra-renal

  • Nephrocalcinosis
  • Nephropathy (uric acid, analgesic, hypokalaemic)
  • Polycystic kidney disease

Neurogenic malfunction

  • Poliomyelitis
  • Tabes dorsalis (demyelinating condition caused by advanced syphilis)
  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Spinal cord injuries
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10
Q

What is vesicoureteric reflux?

A
  • A condition in which urine can reflux into the ureters
  • It results in a residual pool of infected urine in the bladder after voiding
  • It can result in scarring of the kidneys
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11
Q

Describe how UTI can become established via the haematogenous route.

A

The kidney is a frequent site for abscesses in patients with S. aureus bacteraemia or endocarditis (not really a UTI)

NOTE: Gram negative bacilli like E. coli rarely spreads via the haematogenous route

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12
Q

Outline the symptoms of UTI in:

  1. Neonates and childrne < 2 years
  2. Children > 2 years
A

Neonates and children < 2 years:

  • Failure to thrive
  • Vomiting
  • Fever

Children > 2 years:

  • Frequency
  • Dysuria
  • Abdominal pain
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13
Q

List some symptoms of upper UTI.

A
  • Fever (and rigors)
  • Flank pain
  • Lower urinary tract symptoms
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14
Q

Describe the symptoms of UTI in older patients.

A
  • Mostly asymptomatic
  • Atypical symptoms (e.g. confusion)

NOTE: classic symptoms such as frequency and dysuria are common in older people and does not necessarily suggest that there is an infection

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15
Q

List some investigations for uncomplicated UTI.

A
  • Urine dipstick
  • MSU for urine MC&S
  • Bloods - FBC, CRP, U&E
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16
Q

List some further investigations that may be considered in complicated UTIs.

A
  • Renal ultrasound scan
  • IV urography
17
Q

What are nitrites in the urine specific for?

A

They are produced by E. coli

18
Q

What does nitrite-negative leukocyte-positive urine suggest?

A

UTI caused by non-coliform bacteria

19
Q

List some patient groups in whom culture and sensitivities should be performed.

A
  • Pregnancy
  • Children
  • Pyelonephritis
  • Men
  • Catheteristed
  • Failed antibiotic treatment
  • Abnormalities of the genitourinary tract
  • Renal impairment
20
Q

What does the presence of white cell in the urine (pyuria) suggest?

A

Infection

21
Q

What does the presence of sqaumous epithelial cells in the urine suggest?

A

Contamination

22
Q

What is the microbiological definition of UTI?

A

Culture of single organisms > 105 colony forming units/mL with urinary symptoms

NOTE: this threshold may be reduced for organisms that are known to cause UTI (e.g. E. coli and S. saprophyticus)

23
Q

What number of white cells in the urine represents inflammation?

A

More than 104/mL

24
Q

In which patient groups should screening of the urine for white cells for MC&S NOT be performed?

A

Immunocompromised patients, pregnant women and children

25
Q

List some causes of sterile pyuria (white cells in urine but no culture growth).

A
  • STIs (e,g, chlamydia)
  • TB
  • Prior antibiotic treament (MOST COMMON)
  • Calculi
  • Catheterisation
  • Bladder cancer
26
Q

What type of agar is used for urine culture? What do the colours suggest?

A

Chromogenic agar

  • Pink = E. coli
  • Blue = other coliforms
  • Light blue = Gram-positives
27
Q

List some methods of sampling urine for investigations.

A
  • MSU
  • Catheterisation
  • Suprapubic aspiration (usually in young children)
28
Q

What type of therapy may be needed for patients with UTIs caused by ESBL producing organisms?

A

Outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT)

29
Q

Outline the treatment options for:

  1. Uncomplicated UTI in women
  2. UTI in pregnant or breastfeeding women
  3. UTI in men
  4. Pyelonephritis or systemically unwell with a UTI
  5. Catheter-associated UTI
A
  1. Uncomplicated UTI in women
    • Cefalexin 500 mg BD PO for 3 days OR
    • Nitrofurantoin 50 mg POQ QDS for 7 days (check renal function)
  2. UTI in pregnant or breastfeeding women
    • Cefalexin 500 mg BD PO for 7 days
    • 2nd line: co-amoxiclav 625 mg TDS PO for 7 days
  3. UTI in men
    • Cefalexin 500 mg BD PO for 7 days OR
    • Ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD PO for 14 days if suspicion of prostatitis
    • Chronic prostatitis: ciprofloxacin 500 mg BD PO for 4-6 weeks
  4. Pyelonephritis or systemically unwell with a UTI
    • Co-amoxiclav 1.2 g IV TDS
    • Consider adding IV amikacin or gentamicin
    • Penicillin allergy: ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV BD
  5. Catheter-associated UTI
    • Remove catheter (but give stat doses before removal of infected catheter)
    • Gentamicin 80 mg STAT IV/IM 30-60 mins before procedure OR
    • Amikacin 140 mg STAT IV/IM 30-60 mins before procedure
30
Q

In which groups of patients is a short course of antibiotics not appropriate?

A
  • Women with a history of UTI caused by antibiotic resistant organisms
  • More than 7 days of symptoms
  • Men
31
Q

In which patients do Candida UTIs tend to occur?

A

Patients with indwelling catheters

32
Q

How should Candida infections due to catheters be treated?

A

Remove the catheter

NOTE: there is no evidence of oral fluconazole being better than no intervention

33
Q

In which exceptional cases should Candida UTI be actively treated?

A
  • Renal transplant patients
  • Patients waiting to undergo elective urinary tract surgery
34
Q

Which part of the kidney is more susceptible to infection?

A

Renal medulla

35
Q

What is the main treatment option for pylenephritis?

A

Co-amoxiclav with or without gentamicin

36
Q

List some complications of pyelonephritis.

A
  • Perinephric abscess
  • Chronic pyelonephritis (scarring, renal impairment)
  • Septic shock
  • Acute papillary necrosis

YEAR 5: Microbiology and Infection (24 decks)

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