MI Unit 3 Review

Question 1

Cell cycle

Answer 1

normal life cycle of cells - uncontrolled and mutated when cancerous

Question 2

Apoptosis

Answer 2

regulated cell death - cells ignore signal when mutated

Question 3

Metastasis

Answer 3

cells break away from tumor and spread

Question 4

Oncogenes

Answer 4

proto-oncogenes help regulate cell cycle - over expression of genes becomes unregulated

Question 5

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Answer 5

genes that suppress tumor formation - mutations can lead to cancerous tumors

Question 6

Describe the gene expression when the ratio is greater than one

Answer 6

gene is induced by tumor formation - transcription more active in cancer cells than in normal cells

Question 7

Describe the gene expression when the ratio is less than one

Answer 7

gene is suppressed by tumor formation - transcription is less active in cancer cells than in normal cells

Question 8

Describe the gene expression when the ratio is equal to one

Answer 8

gene is not affected by tumor formation - transcription is same in cancer cells than in normal cells

Question 9

Describe the gene expression when the ratio is zero

Answer 9

gene is not expressed in either cell

Question 10

ABCDE’s of skin cancer

Answer 10

A - asymmetrical border
B - borders (irregular)
C - color (changes/differences)
D - diameter (>6 mm is concerning)
E - evolution

Question 11

How can biofeedback therapy be used in cancer treatment?

Answer 11

used to ease/eliminate symptoms
- muscle relaxation
- relearn muscle movements

Question 12

Other ways biofeedback can be useful

Answer 12

• urinary incontinence
• Raynaud Disease
• IBS
• Depression
• Epilepsy

Question 13

History/current trends with prosthetics

Answer 13

History - often made of wood and other heavy, impractical materials
Modern - innervation, light materials, sleek designs, more practical, simulate biological limbs

Question 14

How does TPMT effect azathioprine?

Answer 14

TPMT breaks down thiopuries and reduces side effects of the drug

Question 15

How do SNPs affect patient reactions to drug therapy?

Answer 15

The more dissimilar a patients DNA sequence is from a patient who does well on the drug, the worse they will react to it.

Question 16

Nanopore

Answer 16

pore of nm size - can be used as single molecule detector

Question 17

Nanotube

Answer 17

tiny mesh tubes used for the detection of molecules

Question 18

Nanoshells

Answer 18

sphere coated in metallic shell that concentrate near cancer cells - can be heated to kill cells

Question 19

Dendrimers

Answer 19

radially symmetrical, favorarable for drug delivery

Question 20

Quantum Dots

Answer 20

spheres that accumulate on cancer cells, glow when exposed to light, indicate cancer cells

Question 21

Randomized

Answer 21

researcher and control groups chosen at random

Question 22

Double blind

Answer 22

researcher and participants are unaware of grouping

Question 23

Open

Answer 23

researcher and subjects know which treatments have been given

Question 24

Factorial

Answer 24

tests medicines in combination

Question 25

Crossover

Answer 25

tests two treatments

Question 26

Orphan

Answer 26

treats rare diseases

Question 27

Phase l

Answer 27

safe dosage range, side effects (<100)

Question 28

Phase ll

Answer 28

safety, effects, sharpen dosage, effectiveness (<200)

Question 29

Phase lll

Answer 29

effectiveness, side effects on large scale (1,000-3,000)

Question 30

Phase lV

Answer 30

after market studies - risks, benefits, optimal uses

Question 31

Thalidomide Tragedy

Answer 31

Doctors prescribed nausea meds to pregnant women without testing - children born with severe limb differences

Led to ammendments in Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act - informed consent, experiments on humans banned unless proven safe on animals