MI Unit 3 Review Flashcards
Cell cycle
normal life cycle of cells - uncontrolled and mutated when cancerous
Apoptosis
regulated cell death - cells ignore signal when mutated
Metastasis
cells break away from tumor and spread
Oncogenes
proto-oncogenes help regulate cell cycle - over expression of genes becomes unregulated
Tumor Suppressor Genes
genes that suppress tumor formation - mutations can lead to cancerous tumors
Describe the gene expression when the ratio is greater than one
gene is induced by tumor formation - transcription more active in cancer cells than in normal cells
Describe the gene expression when the ratio is less than one
gene is suppressed by tumor formation - transcription is less active in cancer cells than in normal cells
Describe the gene expression when the ratio is equal to one
gene is not affected by tumor formation - transcription is same in cancer cells than in normal cells
Describe the gene expression when the ratio is zero
gene is not expressed in either cell
ABCDE’s of skin cancer
A - asymmetrical border
B - borders (irregular)
C - color (changes/differences)
D - diameter (>6 mm is concerning)
E - evolution
How can biofeedback therapy be used in cancer treatment?
used to ease/eliminate symptoms
- muscle relaxation
- relearn muscle movements
Other ways biofeedback can be useful
- urinary incontinence
- Raynaud Disease
- IBS
- Depression
- Epilepsy
History/current trends with prosthetics
History - often made of wood and other heavy, impractical materials
Modern - innervation, light materials, sleek designs, more practical, simulate biological limbs
How does TPMT effect azathioprine?
TPMT breaks down thiopuries and reduces side effects of the drug
How do SNPs affect patient reactions to drug therapy?
The more dissimilar a patients DNA sequence is from a patient who does well on the drug, the worse they will react to it.
Nanopore
pore of nm size - can be used as single molecule detector
Nanotube
tiny mesh tubes used for the detection of molecules
Nanoshells
sphere coated in metallic shell that concentrate near cancer cells - can be heated to kill cells
Dendrimers
radially symmetrical, favorarable for drug delivery
Quantum Dots
spheres that accumulate on cancer cells, glow when exposed to light, indicate cancer cells
Randomized
researcher and control groups chosen at random
Double blind
researcher and participants are unaware of grouping
Open
researcher and subjects know which treatments have been given
Factorial
tests medicines in combination
Crossover
tests two treatments
Orphan
treats rare diseases
Phase l
safe dosage range, side effects (<100)
Phase ll
safety, effects, sharpen dosage, effectiveness (<200)
Phase lll
effectiveness, side effects on large scale (1,000-3,000)
Phase lV
after market studies - risks, benefits, optimal uses
Thalidomide Tragedy
Doctors prescribed nausea meds to pregnant women without testing - children born with severe limb differences
Led to ammendments in Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act - informed consent, experiments on humans banned unless proven safe on animals
