MI Flashcards
Mary’s claim to the throne:
Mary’s claim to the throne:
- February 1544 – 3rd act of succession
–> placed 2nd in line after Edward
what was the aim of Devyse?
leaders of the Devyse?
why did the Devyse fail?
how many of Edward’s councillors signed the Devyse?
aim of the Devyse:
- promote Lady Jane Gray to the throne instead of Mary
leaders of the Devyse:
- Edward, Northumberland, William Paget
reasons of failure:
- naval forces under Northumberland betrayed him
- members of the Edwardian council proclaimed Mary as Queen 19th July 1553
no. of edwardian councillors who supported the Devyse:
26
what was Mary’s own association with religion?
really catholic
-> she had only taken the Oath of Supremacy in 1536 with charges of high treason threatened
-> she celebrated mass publicly in her chapel after the 1st Book of Common Prayer was published in 1549
Mary’s consolidation of power
steps to consolidate power:
- she was decisive and quick in proclaiming herself queen on the 10th July 1553 before Northumberland could execute the Devyse properly
- pragmatic decision to retain edwardian councillors
-> maintained their loyalty to the crown
Mary’s main aims
Mary’s main aims:
- re establish Catholicism
- marry Phillip
- restore papal supremacy
- ensure England continues to be Catholic after her
who were Mary’s key advisors in court?
Mary’s key advisors within court:
- Bishop Gardiner – Lord Chancellor
–> religious conservative
–> clashed with Paget - Lord Paget – Knight of the Garter + Lord Privy Seal
–> protestant (conservative under Edward)
–> clashed with Gardiner - Cardinal Pole – Archbishop of Canterbury + Papal Legate
–> instrumental in the 2nd Act of Repeal 1555
–> remained Archbishop of Canterbury until death 1558 but was a heretic under the Catholic church
who were Mary’s key advisors outside of court?
Mary’s key advisors outside of court:
- Phillip II of Spain
- Simon Reynard – imperial ambassador
pros of the Marian council:
pros of the marian council:
- loyal councillors selected from the Kenninghall Faction
–> eg. Beddingfield, Rochester - Mary concoled only a small no of advisors at a time
- successful in negotiating highly beneficial marriage treaty
cons of the Marian council
cons of the Marian Council
- Kenninghall faction + Cardinal Pole lacked political experience
- factionalism
–> Gardiner vs Paget - council left neglected as Mary constantly consulted men not in her council
–> she did not replace Gardiner after his death in 1555 and chose to console Reynard increasingly
–> she did not inform the council of her decision to marry Phillip in October 1553
pros of the Marian Parliament
pros of the Marian Parliament
- successful counter reformation
- gains all subsidies she asks for
–> she has 5 parliament in 4 years
cons of the Marian Parliament
cons of the Marian Parliament
- unable to pass bill for the restoration of monastic lands in 1555
–> only able to seize lands from 800 exiled protestants and restore crown lands - Parliament was not in favour of her marriage
–> delegation was produced against her marriage in November 1553
naval and military reforms under Mary
naval and military reforms under Mary
- built 6 ships!! and restored some too
–> in 1557, England had 27 warships in active use compared to 3 ships in 1555 - Militia Act of 1558
–> transformed the way troops assembled during war
–> improved supply of weapons and equipment
successes of the spanish marriage
successes of the spanish marriage
- Phillip had no impact on domestic affairs
- involvement in the Habsburg Valois Conflict led to military and naval reforms
failure of the spanish marriage
failure of the spanish marriage
- unable to secure a catholic heir
- hindered relations with Pope Paul IV
- dragged into Habsburg Valois Conflict
–> loss of Calais January 1558
–> high financial cost (national debt at £300k at the end of her reign)
causes of the Wyatt Rebellion
causes of the Wyatt Rebellion
- religious – fear of re-catholicism
- political – discontent / fear of spanish influence in government
- economical – declining cloth trade
