MHP1 Flashcards
__ is the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts.
Anatomy
Two subdivisions of anatomy
Gross anatomy and Microscopic anatomy
is the study of body structures (large) that can be examined by the naked eye
gross anatomy
is the study of small body structures that cannot be seen by the naked eye and can be seen only with a microscope.
microscopic anatomy or histology
is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
physiology
The ___ states that it is possible to study anatomy and physiology individually, but they are inseparable.
principle of complementary of structure and function
What are the six levels of structural organization?
Atoms, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ System, Organism
tiny building blocks of matter, that combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and protein.
Atoms
the smallest unit of all living things.
Cells
consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Tissues
What are the four basic tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural
a structure composed of two or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body.
organ
a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
organ system
organ systems make up the living human being which represents the highest level of structural organization, the organismal level
organism
what are the eleven organ system of our body?
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
forms the external body covering: protects deeper tissue from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; location of cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands.
Integumentary System
protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
skeletal system
allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces hear (thermogenesis).
muscular system
fast-acting control system; responds to internal and external change by activating appropriate muscles and glands
nervous system
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
endocrine system
transport materials (oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes) in the body via blood pumped by the heart
cardiovascular system
picks up fluid leaked fluids from blood vessels and returns it to the blood; disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells; involved in immunity
lymphatic system
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sac of the lungs
respiratory system
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
digestive system
eliminates nitrogen-containing wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system
production of offspring
reproductive system
three component of all homeostatic control mechanisms
Receptor, Control Center, Effector
monitors and responds to changes (stimuli) in the environment, and sends information (input) to the control center.
Receptor
determines the level (set point) at which a variable is to be maintained, analyzes the information it receives, and then determines the appropriate response or course of action
control center
provides the means for the control center’s response (output) to the stimulus.
Effector
the net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off the original stimulus or reduce its intensity.
negative feedback mechanism
rare in the body because they tend to increase the original disturbances and push the variable farther from its original value.
positive feedback mechanism
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body
superior (cranial or cephalad)
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
inferior (caudal)
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
ventral (anterior)
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
dorsal (posterior)
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
medial
away from the midline of the body; on the inner side of
lateral
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
intermediate
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
proximal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
distal
toward or at the body surface
superficial (external)
away from the body surface; more internal
deep
cut along the lengthwise, or longitudinal, plane of the body, dividing the body into right and left parts
sagittal section
cut along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts
frontal (coronal)
cut along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
transverse
subdivided into a cranial activity, which lies in the skull and encases the brains, and a vertebral cavity, which runs through the vertebral column to enclose the spinal cord
dorsal body cavity
protect and allow organ movement; and the lining prevents friction
ventral body cavities
A scheme commonly used by medical personnel divides the abdominopelvic cavity into four or less equal regions called
quadrants
are images that’s best for visualizing bones and for locating abnormal dense structures.
X-ray
allows visualization of three-dimensional cross-sectional or tomographic images of the human body
Computed Tomography (CT)
is widely used in clinical applications such as multi-phase exams, cardiovascular assessments, perfusion scanning, and screening of the whole body.
Computed Tomography (CT)
produces three-dimensional images by detecting radioactive isotopes injected into the body. The images indicate regions of cellular activity.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
PET - As the radioactive material decays, it gives off energy in the form of ____.
gamma rays
is also used to assess the functional flow of blood to the heart and brain.
Positron emission tomography (PET)
In _______ the body is probed with pulses of high frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves that reflect (echo) off the body’s tissues.
sonography or ultrasound (US) imaging
It is also used to visualize the gallbladder and other viscera and, increasingly, the arteries to detect atherosclerosis (thickening and hardening of the arterial walls).
Ultrasound
subjects the body to strong magnetic fields and radio waves, producing high contrast images of soft body structures
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
primarily detects the levels of the element hydrogen in the body, most of which is water.
MRI
tends to distinguish
body tissues from one another on the basis of differences in water content.
MRI
Tracheotomy - ______ (root word, meaning ‘trachea’); ______ (suffix, meaning ‘process of cutting)
trache/o ; tomy
Uses to honor someone who first discovered or described an anatomical
structure, diagnosed a disease, or developed a medical instrument or
procedure (literally putting a name upon)
Eponymous Terms
Describe the shape, size, color, function, etc. of the anatomical structure
Descriptive Terms
Tachycardia
(Prefix: ______: fast; Root Word: ______: heart; Suffix: -ia: condition of)
Meaning: Condition of a rapid heart rate
Tachy; card
Nephrology
Common Form: ______: kidney; Suffix: ______: study of.
Meaning: The study of kidney
Nephr/o; -logy
Therapeutic
Root word: ______: treatment; Suffix: ____: pertaining to.
Meaning: Pertaining to treatment
Therapeut; -ic
Hypertension
Prefix: _______: in excess of normal, over; Root word: _____: pressure.
High blood pressure
Hyper; tension
Dysmenorrhea
Prefix: _____: difficult or painful; Common Form: _______; month or menstruate; Suffix: rrhea: flow
Painful menstrual flow
Dys; men/o
Osteoarthritis
Common Form: Osteo/o: bone; Root Word: ________: joint; Suffix: -itis: inflammation of
Meaning: Inflammation of joints and bones
arthr/o
Mastectomy
Root word: ____: breast; Suffix: ______: surgical removal of.
Meaning: Surgical removal of the breast
Mast; -ectomy
Opthalmoscopy
Common Form: _____: eye; Suffix: _____: examination
Meaning: Examination of the eye.
Optham/o; -scopy
Intravenous
Prefix: ___: within; Root word: _____: veins; Suffix: ______: pertaining to
Meaning: Pertaining to within a vein.
Intra; Ven; -ous
Can anatomy and physiology be separated?
No
There are ___ different types of cells in the human body, but all of them share certain common characteristics.
200
What are the three main regions of prototypical cell?
Nucleus, Plasma Membrane, and Cytoplasm.
Control center of cell containing the genetic material (DNA). Three regions: nuclear membrane; nucleoli; and chromatin.
Nucleus
Barrier for cell contents. Specializations: microvilli and membrane junctions.
Plasma Membrane
Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. Three major elements: cytosol; organelles; and inclusion.
Cytoplasm
Made up protein and RNA, sites of protein synthesis. Locations: free in the cytoplasm and/or attached to RER
Ribosomes
Fluid filled tubules for carrying substances.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Two Types of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
Rough ER and Smooth ER
Studded in ribosomes and site where building materials of cellular membrane are formed.
Rough ER
Functions in cholesterol
synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
Smooth ER
Powerhouse of
the cell, change shape
continuously, and carry out reactions where O2
is used to break down food and provide ATP for cellular energy.
Mitochondria
Modifies and
packages proteins and produces different types of packages: secretory vesicles; cell membrane components; and lysosomes
Golgi apparatus
Contain enzymes that digest non-usable materials within the cell
Lysosomes
Cover the exterior
surfaces of the body, line internal cavities
and passageways, and form certain glands
Epithelial tissue
Bind the cells and organs of the body together
Connective Tissue
Contracts forcefully when excited, providing movement
Muscle tissue
Excitable, allowing for the generation and propagation of electrochemical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between
different body regions
Nervous tissue
_____ must be maintained
for normal body functioning and
to sustain life
Homeostasis
