Methods of Philosophizing Flashcards
the process of doing philo in systematic
way; in pursuit of wisdom or knowledge through questioning
philosophizing
Questionings (socratic method)
- Is the information objective or subjective?
- Is the idea truth or opinion?
- Is the reasoning valid
or invalid?
formulating an opinion/theory
w/o fully researching
Speculation
speculation comes from latin word:
specula
specula means
watch over
forming of a theory abt something
theorizing
proposed explanation for a phenomenon
hypothesis
what ifs
speculative thinking
provides sound judgement, evaluation, and
decision
philosophy as critical thinking
to criticize means to ‘____’ and/or to ‘____’
judge; analyze
deconstruction and decoding of meaning
Analysis
is the act of valuing or appraising
Evaluation
Evaluation makes one a _____
critical thinker
supports convictions and claims through reason and evidence
Argumentation
Argumentations involves drawing a _____ from a set of reasons
conclusion
statements that are verified
facts
expressions of beliefs
opinions
Theories of Truth
C.C.P
Correspondence theory
Coherence Theory
Pragmatic Theory
a proposition is true if it relates to the facts
correspondence
truth states that if a proposition coheres with all the other propositions taken to be true, then it is true
Coherence
the truth of a statement can be defined in
terms of the utility of accepting it
Pragmatic
use of invalid; faulty reasoning; wrong moves; in the construction of an argument
Fallacies
an argument that may seem strong, but is proven wrong with reasoning and further examination
fallacy
someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent’s pity
Appeal to Pity
Appeal to Pity latin
Argumentum ad misericordiam
it says that the notion is true because it has
not yet been proved
Appeal to ignorance
Appeal to ignorance latin
Argumentum ad ignoramtiam
a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it
appeal to people
appeal to people latin
Argumentum ad populum
attacking the person being talked about to
justify the argument about him/her
Against a person
Against a person latin
ad hominem
double meaning
equivocation
generalization based on insufficient
evidence
hasty generalizations
infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole.
composition
feature to an entire class (or whole) to
the possession of the same feature by each of its individual members (or parts)
division
threat of force to bring about
the acceptance of a conclusion
Appeal to force
Appeal to force latin
Argumentum ad baculum
concluding that one thing caused another,
simply because they are regularly associated
false cause
false cause latin
post hoc
any form of argument where the conclusion
is assumed in one of the premises
begging the question
begging the question latin
Petitio principii
reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with
circular reasoning
