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Semester 2 FS Exam 10 > Methods of Gait Analysis > Flashcards

Methods of Gait Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

Clinician

A

visual gait analysis
videotape analysis
general gait parameters
foot placement

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2
Q

Clinical lab

A

gait timing
foot pressure distribution
EM
electrogoniometers

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3
Q

Research lab (HPL)

A

force platforms
kinematic systems
kinetic/kinematic systems

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4
Q

Visual Gait Analysis (pros/cons)

A

Type of analysis: visual identification of gait abnormalities
Advantages: costs nothing
Disadvantages: relies entirely on skill of observer, only certain gait abnormalities can be detected, does not provide objective data (visual gait analysis depends on your observational skills)

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5
Q

Visual gait analysis

A

observe from front, back, and both sides
general observation of gait: speed, fluency, symmetry
Systematic exam for positioning and movements: pelvis, spine, hips, knees, ankles, feet
Look for specific gait abnormalities: lateral trunk bending, etc
Interpret abnormal findings: primary disorder vs compensatory movements

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6
Q

Primary and secondary gait abnormalities

A

primary deficit: ex = co-spasticity of hamstrings/quads
functional consequence: stiff knee in swing (primary gait abnormality!)
compensatory mvmt = circumduction or valuting (secondary abnormality!)
The patient compensates for the stiff knee by circumducting the leg.
Co-contraction for spasticity may make it look like they are walking w/ stiff knee gait during swing. This is the primary deviation you see, but they may vault as a compensatory mvmt.
Secondary abnormalities due to primary

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7
Q

Videotape analysis

A

observational tool

type of analysis = visual analysis of videotape images

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8
Q

Advantages of videotape analysis

A

gait pattern can be viewed repeatedly
can be viewed in slow mow or stop frame
provides a permanent record

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9
Q

disadvantages of videotape analysis

A

not an objective measurement

only records certain gait abnormalities

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10
Q

General gait parameters

A

type of analysis = measurement of cadence, stride length, and velocity

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11
Q

advantages of general gait parameters

A

quantifies general ability to walk
gives objective data
inexpensive
follows progress over time

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12
Q

disadvantages of general gait parameters

A

information is nonspecific b/c deviations can come from many pathologies

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13
Q

Foot placement

A

type of analysis = measurement of foot placement on ground

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14
Q

advantages of foot placement

A

gives walking base, step and stride lengths
gives toe-out angle and foot contact pattern
inexpensive

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15
Q

disadvantages of foot placement

A

limited information

may be messy and time-consuming

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16
Q

Johannes Kepler

A

famous astronomer
until you measure something you don’t know much about it
fundamental concept for evidence based practice

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17
Q

Instrumented gait analysis

A

motion measurement systems (where kinematics/observation fall short)
muscle activation measurement
force measurement - GRF
timing measurement
pressure measurement
ambulatory systems (force/balance measurement)

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18
Q

Gait timing

A

type of analysis = electronic measurement of foot contact timing (tells you when a step started and when it finished)

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19
Q

advantages of gait timing

A

gives stance, swing, and double-support time
gives cadence and speed
may also give foot flat and heel rise timing

20
Q

disadvantages of gait timing

A

gives limited info

may be expensive

21
Q

Gait timing

A

has foot switches that time foot contact

electric systems that gives you timing of foot contact during gait

22
Q

Foot pressure distribution

A

type of analysis = maps pressure beneath sole of foot
pressure map under foot
pressure = force/area

23
Q

Advantages of foot pressure distribution

A

detects dangerous pressure before ulcer formation
permits pressure reliving insoles to be tested
can hep determine orthotics needed for dibetic or non diabetic

24
Q

disadvantages of foot pressure distribution

A

useful only in certain patient groups

expensive

25
Q

EMG

A

measurement of electrical activity of muscles

26
Q

advantages of EMG

A

detects underlying causes of gait abnormalities (cocontraction)
essential prior to muscle transplants (CP kids)

27
Q

disadvantages of EMG

A

difficult technicaly

only gives semi-quantitative data

28
Q

Muscle activation measurement systems

A 
telemetry/tethered systems:
- delays
- biopac
- noraxon
- motion labs
Surface EMG - (HPL lab)
Need/fine wire EMG
- timing, amplitude, fiber composition and fatigue
29
Q

Muscle activation - methodology

A

16 EMG channels
simulatneous recording w/ motion and force data!!!!
muscle activation (timing and amplitude!!!)
- produces motion
- accommodates for pathology

30
Q

Electrogoniometers

A

type of analysis = continuous measurement of joint angles

31
Q

advantages of Electrogoniometers

A

easy to use and inexpensive

32
Q

disadvantages of Electrogoniometers

A

may be too inaccurate for some movements
may modify gate pattern
old

33
Q

mechanical Electrogoniometers were replaced by what?

A

strain-gauge Electrogoniometers (not used often)

34
Q

motion analysis inc - vicon

A

shows you 3D image of body during gait
has the ability to tell you when muscle is contracting eccentrically/concentrically
goal = get descriptors of gait

35
Q

disadvantage of full body analysis of motion measurement

A

hard for people to walk with natural gait like they do in normal environment when they are in the HPL lab

36
Q

Kinematic systems

A

type of analysis = 3D measurement of limb motion

37
Q

advantages of kinematic systems

A

complete description of joint movements

38
Q

disadvantages of kinematic systesm

A

expensive, requires skilled personnel to operate equipment

39
Q

Force platforms

A

type of analysis = detailed measurement of GRFs

measures forces and torques in 3 dimensions

40
Q

advantages of force platforms

A

measures forces, which are invisible to eye

no interference with gait patterns

41
Q

disadvantages of force platforms

A

very expensive

data of limited value when taken in isolation

42
Q

kinetic/kinematic systems

A

combines kinematic system with force platforms

43
Q

advantages of kinetic/kinematic systems

A

complete 3D description of motion
provides joint forces and moments
provides joint powers and energy transfers

44
Q

disadvantages of kinetic/kinematic systems

A

expensive

requires skilled personnel

45
Q

analysis of data from kinetic/kinematic systems

A

collects kinetic and kinematic data, goes into mathematical model that calculates forces, moments, and powers

46
Q

Ambulatory systems for balance and gait assessment

A

objective: move measurement from lab to clinic, home etc
portable force place - relative motion - EMG
can take out of lab and into the indviduals normal environment

47
Q

ambulatory gait monitoring system

A

portable for use anywhere
foot switches in shoe measure ambulation and transmit to accelerometers in box that you wear on your back
use for evaluation, feedback and re-training

Semester 2 FS Exam 10 (2 decks)

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