methods of data capture

Question 1

manual data capturing: how is it conducted + cons

Answer 1

time consuming, expensive, prone to human errors/bias
- surveys
- observation
- interviews
- discussions

Question 2

electronic data capturing

Answer 2

• automated
• accurate, efficient, cost-effective

Question 3

OMR

Answer 3

optical mark recognition: optical scanner to recognize marks on paper
- scans documents, differentiates between marked and unmarked boxes, and translates into digital data
- used by educational institutions + market research companies

Question 4

OCR

Answer 4

optical character recognition: recognize + convert printed/handwritten data into digital format
- scans documents, recognizes + interprets shapes, converts to machine-readable text

Question 5

ICR

Answer 5

intelligent character recognition: advanced OCR tech, allows recognition of handwritten texts/documents
- improved accuracy of handwriting/font styles
- pixel-based processing, compares information to pre-existing database of handwriting patterns

Question 6

barcodes

Answer 6

• machine-readable pattern of parallel lines representing product data read by scanning machine
• uses light sensor
• improves efficiency + accuracy

Question 6

1D barcodes

Answer 6

• vertical lines + spaces
• uses UPC(universal product code), which is a linear code

Question 7

2D barcodes

Answer 7

• image, using dots, squares, rectangles, hexagons
• data: vertical + horizontal
• basically QR code

Question 8

video capturing

Answer 8

• captures + records visual data; multiple images per second as still images
• requires image acquisition, processing, storage

Question 9

camera capturing

Answer 9

• captures visual data as still images
• allows for more detailed control over other aspects of the data(exposure, focal length…)

Question 10

audio capturing

Answer 10

• recording of human speech using a microphone to convert analog signals to digital data
• involves two processes: sampling + quantization
  sampling: takes measurement of analog signal at regular intervals
  quantization: assigns digital value to amplitude

Question 11

web scraping

Answer 11

• extracting data from websites using automated software/tools
• performed for data mining, price monitoring, content aggregation
• saves time + effort
• do not violate website terms of use or copyright laws

Question 12

other uses of web scraping

Answer 12

market research: competitive advantage + informed decisions
lead generation: potential customers; sales outreach + marketing
content creation: analyze trends to influence creation of original content
price monitoring: tracks competitors’ prices + services
data analysis: analyze large amounts of data for insights on consumer behavior, market trends

Question 13

web cookies

Answer 13

• text files that remember details about users; stored in browser
• tracks info for duration of visit, recognizes the user when they return
• improves UX, streamlining login processes
• used for targeted advertising

Question 14

types of cookies

Answer 14

session cookies: deleted when browser closed
cache cookies: temporary cookies in browser; remembers things, speeds up loading
authentication cookies: remembers user details to keep logged in
analytics cookies: tracks user behavior + interactions
advertising cookies: tracks browsing history, targeted ads

Question 15

website heat mapping

Answer 15

• analytical software; visually tracks how users interact with elements of website
• gives businesses insights on user interaction, can help them optimize UX + website performance

Question 16

IoT

Answer 16

• internet of things: network of devices, appliances, connectivity that allow connection and exchange of data with other systems over the internet
• designed to automate tasks, improve efficiency, new ways to access/control devices + appliances
• issue of privacy + security; unauthorized access to user data + movement

Question 17

AI

Answer 17

• code that reacts to data inputs and environmental conditions to mimic human intelligence
• sources data form websites, IoT, visual/auditory data recognition tech
• captures data from online platforms to analyze user behavior + preferences
• ethically source data, no bias/negative impacts in its application

Question 18

machine learning

Answer 18

• machine learning able to evolve through analysis of patterns + relationships in larger datasets

Question 19

supervised machine leaning

Answer 19

involves desired output or goal which informs the data inputs taken into algorithms and integrated into the models
- recognize patterns, make predictions on unlabeled data by referring to labeled data

Question 20

unsupervised machine learning

Answer 20

identifies patterns with no constraint; make predictions/identify trends

Question 21

reinforcement training

Answer 21

trains algorithm through trial + error, rewarded for correct decisions, penalized for incorrect ones