Methods of collecting information to analyse factors impacting on performance

Question 1

What is a model performer?

Answer 1

A model performer is someone who can perform to an almost exemplary standard in an activity.

Question 2

What could a model performer be?

Answer 2

A model performer could be any of the following:

-an elite athlete
-a classmate
-a team captain

Question 3

How does a mental model performer behave?

Answer 3

A model performer in the mental factor:

-controls their cognitive and somatic anxieties during high pressure situations.
-is able to focus and remain headstrong during difficult moments.
-solves a range of problems and selects, then executes decisions effectively.

Question 4

How does an emotional model performer behave?

Answer 4

A model performer in the mental factor:

-controls their anger during moments that others may find frustrating.
-has full confidence in their abilities and can demonstrate this in a range of situations.
-is resilient enough to bounce back after negative experiences.

Question 5

How does a physical model performer behave?

Answer 5

A model performer in the physical factor:

-executes a range of skills and techniques to a high standard on a consistent basis.
-has high fitness levels in a variety of different fitness components.
-is tactically astute in both offensive and defensive situations.

Question 6

How does a social model performer behave?

Answer 6

A model performer in the social factor:

-communicates clearly and in a variety of different ways during performance.
-is a good team player in good and bad moments.
-shows respect to opponents and officials.

Question 7

When do you reference model performers?

Answer 7

You predominantly make reference to a model performer when collecting data.

This could be when you compare your results to theirs.

Question 8

What methods could make use of a model performer?

Answer 8

Methods which make use of a model performer include:

-A PPW where you compare your score to theirs out of 10 in each factor.
-A focused observation schedule where you compare your performance of certain sub-routines to them.

Question 9

Benefits of model performers?

Answer 9

• It is easy to compare your strengths and weaknesses to a model performer.
• Using model performers gives you a visual of what exemplary performance looks like.
• You can get a motivation boost when watching a model performer as you strive to reach their level.

Question 10

Limitations of model performers?

Answer 10

• You could lose confidence if you select an elite athlete as a model performer - they may be too far out of your reach.
• It can be very time consuming as you must identify your own strengths and weaknesses then watch a model performer before even comparing.

Question 11

Why do we collect data on our performance levels in a factor?

Answer 11

• Identify strength in performance.
• Identify or confirm weakness.
• Establish baseline measurement.
• Aid motivation.
• Measure success of improvements.
• Plan targets and short/long term goals.
• Monitor progress.

Question 12

Why is it important that we undertake this process before all other aspects of the cycle of analysis?

Answer 12

We can answer this in terms of the following three areas:

-strengths and weaknesses
-measurement
-targets

Question 13

Why is it important to collect data in terms of strengths and weaknesses?

Answer 13

It’s important to choose an appropriate factor to develop through the cycle of analysis. For this reason, data collection is helpful:

-It identifies your strengths and weaknesses…
-…so that you can create an appropriate development plan around a weakness…
-…and select relevant approaches to use.

Question 14

Why is it important to collect data in terms of measurement?

Answer 14

Measurement is a key part of data collection as it will help reflect your progress:

-It gives you a baseline measurement…
-…so that you can compare future re-test results to starting results…
-…and measure improvements.

Question 15

Why is it important to collect data in terms of targets?

Answer 15

Initial data collection helps you put appropriate targets in place:

-It provides you with results that you can use to set targets…
-…so that you can make these targets specific and realistic…
-…and this gives you a motivation boost to get started.

Question 16

Explain why we collect data before starting a physical development plan. (example answer)

Answer 16

We collect data because it helps us identify our physical strengths and weaknesses. This means we can create a relevant development plan for our physical weaknesses and include approaches that develop our weakness.

Question 17

Data collection methods for the mental factor?

Answer 17

• Sport competition anxiety test (SCAT)
• Mental toughness questionnaire
• Decision making observation schedule
• Performance profiling wheel (PPW)

Question 18

Data collection methods for the emotional factor?

Answer 18

• Performance Profiling Wheel (PPW)
• Profile of mood status (POMS) test
• Disciplinary record with video analysis
• Sport emotion questionnaire

Question 19

Data collection methods for the social factor?

Answer 19

• Team dynamics questionnaire
• Performance profiling wheel (PPW)
• Coach feedback
• Communication observation schedule

Question 20

Data collection methods for the physical (fitness) factor?

Answer 20

• Standardised fitness test
• Time related observation schedule
• Heart rate monitor
• Performance profiling wheel (PPW)

Question 21

Data collection methods for the physical (skill) factor?

Answer 21

• Performance profiling wheel (PPW)
• General observation schedule
• Focused observation schedule
• Scatter diagram

Question 22

Data collection methods for the physical (tactics) factor?

Answer 22

• Knowledge of results
• Coach feedback
• Match analysis
• Digital analysis

Question 23

What are the two types of data?

Answer 23

quantitative and qualitative.

Question 24

What is quantitative data?

Answer 24

This type of data is concerned with factual information. It is not based on opinion or judgement. The more factual information there is, the more quantitative it is.

Question 25

Example of quantitative data?

Answer 25

For example, quantitative data is obtained in the physical factor when carrying out a standardised fitness test.

(Here, it is about how you perform on the day and a numerical score is attached. This is seen as reliable because it is factual and can be trusted.)

Question 26

What is qualitative data?

Answer 26

At the other end of the continuum is qualitative data. This type of data concerns thoughts and opinions. It looks at how good you think you are in a certain factor.

Question 27

Example of qualitative data?

Answer 27

An example of a qualitative method is a questionnaire.

(Here, you answer a series of questions about a factor and express your opinion in response.)

Question 28

What is PARV(M)?

Answer 28

• Practical
• Appropriate
• Reliable
• Valid
• Measurable

Question 29

What is meant by practical?

Answer 29

Consider the practicality of a method:

1. Is this method easy to use?
2. Is it easy to identify the results it produces?

Question 30

What is meant by appropriate?

Answer 30

Consider how appropriate a method is:

1. To what extent does it collect data on the factor I am interested in?
2. Does research prove this?

Question 31

What is meant by reliable?

Answer 31

Consider the reliability of a method:

1. Can I trust this data?
2. Is it quantitative and therefore factual?
3. If it is qualitative, can I trust myself to be honest when completing it?
4. Also, if it is qualitative, is the opinion I have of myself correct?
5. Will I be able to collect enough data to ensure it gives me the full picture?

Question 32

What is meant by valid?

Answer 32

Considering the validity of a method:

1. Will I be able to defend the process I go through?
2. Will I be able to defend the location I 3. did it in?
3. Will I be able to defend when I completed it?
4. Will I be able to defend who my match was against?

Question 33

What is meant by measurable?

Answer 33

When considering if a method is measurable, you are questioning whether the results produced can be kept as a permanent record to allow for future comparisons.

Asking all of the above questions, helps you decide whether a method is right for your situation.

It is important to do this as it will help you in the process of data collection and give you a solid start to the cycle of analysis.

Question 34

What is the Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT)?

Answer 34

The SCAT is a questionnaire that gathers information on how well you control your anxiety levels during performance.

It contains 15 statements to which the response choice is:

-rarely
-sometimes
-often

Each answer is given a score which you then add up at the end and compare to the norms.

Question 35

What type of method is the SCAT test?

Answer 35

It is a qualitative method as it requires you to provide your thoughts on how much you agree or disagree with a statement.

Despite receiving a figure at the end of the SCAT, it is a qualitative method because the score comes from your opinion about how well you control your anxiety in certain situations.

Question 36

Benefits of the SCAT test?

Answer 36

• Easy to complete so unlikely to make mistakes in a quick process.
• Easy to understand statements so easy to answer correctly.
• It is a permanent record which can be compared to in future re-tests.

Question 37

Limitations of the SCAT test?

Answer 37

• Qualitative method so you could lie to impress your coach and affect reliability of results.
• You may have an inaccurate perception of yourself and accuracy of results can be questioned.

Question 38

What must you do regarding the SCAT test?

Answer 38

1. You must complete this method immediately after a big event. This is because the feelings you experienced will be fresh in your head and you will be able to answer accurately.
2. You must complete this method on your own so you do not feel pressurised by anyone watching or judging you. You can therefore answer honestly.
3. Finally, you should have a dictionary to hand just in case you misunderstand any key words. This will help you answer correctly as you will know exactly what is being asked.

Question 39

What is Coach feedback?

Answer 39

This method is used during a game and/or training session. It involves the coach watching your performance and providing you with feedback on a range of different social factors as they occur.

A coach may feedback on:

-the effectiveness of your communication levels.
-your etiquette.
-how you are performing in your role and its responsibilities.

From here, you can both identify the social weakness(es) which need to be developed.

Question 40

What type of method is coach feedback?

Answer 40

This method is qualitative as it involves someone giving their opinion on your performance.

Question 41

Benefits of coach feedback?

Answer 41

• Knowledge and experience of the coach makes it likely that the feedback will be accurate.
• By providing positive as well as negative feedback, you will feel motivated to listen.
• The coach can provide detailed information on why a social factor was weak, which can help you set specific goals.

Question 42

Limitations of coach feedback?

Answer 42

• If you and the coach do not get on, they could be overly harsh on you and make you seem worse than you actually are.
• The coach will be watching a lot of other players at the same time so may miss things you do and not give you the full picture.

Question 43

What are standardised fitness tests?

Answer 43

Standardised fitness tests are a range of recognised tests used to measure different fitness components.

Each test is applicable to one aspect of fitness, for example, the
beep test gathers data on your CRE levels. Each test has a set of protocols that should be followed in line with evidence from research.

Question 44

What does the bleep test involve?

Answer 44

The beep test involves:

1. Setting up two cones 20m apart on a flat and dry surface.
2. Starting behind the start line at cone one and jogging to the other cone on the beep. Your aim is to reach this cone before the next beep.
3. Turning and jogging back to cone one before the following beep.
4. This process continues until you miss two beeps in a row. At this point, you are out and collect your score from your teacher.

Question 45

What type of data do standardised fitness tests produce?

Answer 45

Standardised fitness tests produce
quantitative data as there is no opinion involved. The reliability of the results depends on how motivated you are to complete the tests to the best of your ability.

Question 46

Benefits of the bleep test?

Answer 46

• Appropriate method as research proves it collects data on CRE (so long as protocols are followed).
• Produces quantitative data which increase the likelihood of accurate and reliable results (so long as highly motivated).
• Easy to identify level of CRE by comparing to NORMS.

Question 47

Limitations of the bleep test?

Answer 47

• Can be boring and lead to you dropping out when others drop out.
• Most beep tests only provide you with the level you are starting so you might not notice the number of beeps you completed during that level, affecting the accuracy of results.

Question 48

What must you do regarding the bleep test?

Answer 48

1. Complete the test on a flat and dry surface so you do not slip when turning. This minimises the risk of dropping out for anything other than your CRE levels declining.
2. Set yourself a goal when carrying out the test to motivate you to take it seriously. This will limit the chances of you dropping out due to boredom.
3. Have at least two people measuring out the 20m for the beep test (or when setting up other tests), to ensure measurements are accurate and correctly follow protocols.

Question 49

What is intrinsic feedback

Answer 49

intrinsic feedback is the physical feel of the movement as it is being performed.

It is what is felt by the performer as they execute a skill or performance. Intrinsic feedback can be very useful across the four factors.

Thoughts and feelings on how a performance went are crucial to some aspects of mental and emotional factors.

Question 50

What is kinaesthetic feedback?

Answer 50

Intrinsic feedback is particularly useful for aiding performance in the physical factor, particularly when it comes to skilled performance.

A performer can gain instant feedback on how a movement felt. This is often referred to as kinaesthetic feedback.

Question 51

What is extrinsic feedback?

Answer 51

Feedback can also come from a variety of different external sources such as a coach, teacher and/or teammate.

Depending on the context, there are differing ways this information can be provided:

verbal
video
written

Question 52

What is verbal feedback?

Answer 52

Verbal feedback is often delivered immediately after a performance. It will involve a coach or teammate telling a performer the strengths and weaknesses in their performance.

Question 53

What is video feedback?

Answer 53

Extrinsic feedback can be provided visually using video. Video lets performers watch their performance back and highlights their strengths and weaknesses.

This is often compounded by watching a
model performer perform the same skill and noting similarities and differences between performances.

Question 54

What is written feedback?

Answer 54

A coach or teacher can provide a performer with written feedback. The coach may write down both the positives and negatives of a performance.

A big benefit of this feedback is that it can be stored as a permanent record and viewed again in the future to see if improvements have been made.

Question 55

What is STOVI? (effective feedback)

Answer 55

1. Source - Who provides the feedback?
2. Timing - How soon after the performance is the feedback provided?
3. Order - Does the coach provide the performer with positives before negatives?
4. Volume - How much feedback is provided?
5. Information - Does feedback include information or strategies on how to improve a weakness?

Question 56

SQA feedback course specifications.

Answer 56

 receiving:
— listening, respect
 accepting:
— trust, interpreting the information, tool for
motivation, implementation of
recommended changes as a result of
feedback
 giving:
— appropriateness and types of feedback,
quantity and depth
 timing of feedback:
— immediate, delayed, continuous (before,
during and after implementation of
Personal Development Plan (PDP) or
performance)

Question 57

The procedure of a performance profile wheel?

Answer 57

• The performer lists specific sub-factors they have identified in a model performer.
• These subfactors are labeled around the segments of the wheel.
• The performer reflects on each subfactor in their performance.
• They then colour in each segment scoring themselves from 1 (inside - poorest) to 10 (outside - best).
• This creates a clear picture of the performer’s strengths and weaknesses within the chosen factor.
• The performer’s coach or teacher then scores the performer on the same sub-factors in the same way. This will provide greater accuracy in identifying areas of strength and development.

(qualitative)