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Y3: PS3035 > Methods in cognitive neuroscience I > Flashcards

Methods in cognitive neuroscience I Flashcards

1
Q

what is cognition?

A

the mental aciton or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses

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2
Q

what is cognitive science?

A

study of mental processes involved in cognitive processes in computational terms

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3
Q

what is cognitive neuto?

A

extension of cognitive science, aimed at discovering the neural substrates that support the various cognitive processes

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4
Q

what are the 7 levels of NS organisaiton

A 
CNS
systems
maps
networks
neurons
synapses
molecules
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5
Q

what are marrs three levels of analysis

A

computational -> algorithmic -> implementaiton

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6
Q

what is the computaitonal level

A

identify the problem and decompose into main constitutes

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7
Q

what is the algorithmic level

A

specifies formal procedure to perform task

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8
Q

what is implementation level

A

how to solve the problem

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9
Q

what is an example used to represent marrs levels? and what questions are asked at each level

A

median

problem: what is the median of these numbers
computational: how can i find the median? steps: sorting , counting, finding 50% mark
algorithmic: writing computer programme using specify algorithms to achieve sorting
implementation: running the programme on a computer

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10
Q

what is the doctrine of independence?

A

address given problem at given level independent of implementation

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11
Q

what is determinism?

A

scientific reduction- wholes are nothing but their parts

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12
Q

describe determinism

A

philosophical belief that all current and future events and actions can be predicted ina dvance- if all parameters are known

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13
Q

what are two examples of determinism

A

chaos theory: idea that system and future state depends on itial parameters chosen
quantum theory: heisenbergs uncertainty principle

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14
Q

what is emergence

A

wholes are more than the sums of their parts

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15
Q

what is an emergent property

A

purely physical system composed exclusively of bits of matter, when it reaches a certain degree of complexity, can begin to exhibit genuinely novel properties not possessed by simpler constitutes

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16
Q

what are two examples of when emergence can occur in neuro?

A

sleep and consciousness

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17
Q

what is an example of an emergent proprty

A

heart muscle - lots of cells with different functions but do not work unless all put together

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18
Q

what is multiple realizability

A

functional system properties can in pronciple be instatiated by indefintely many distinct physical structures

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19
Q

what is the functionalist theory of mind

A

what makes something a mental state of a particular type does not essentially depend on its intrinsic material constituations, but rather on the way it functions in the system to which it belongs

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20
Q

what are three examples of multiple realizability

A

musical notes sound different on different instruments
octopus consciousness- we cannot know as their brains are different to ours
plato in a cave- flame reflections

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21
Q

what are two important considerations of neuroimaging techniques?

A

spatial and temporal resolution

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22
Q

what is the oldest data collection method?

A

lesion studies for suggesting localisation of function

23
Q

what are three examples of lesion studies?

A

phinease gage
brocas patient ‘tan’
patient HM

24
Q

what are three different methods for lesion studies?

A

physical lesions
pharmological lesions- inject poison into brain
reversible lesions- colling, TMS

25
Q

what are the advantages of lesion studies?2

A

can provide info about function of specific region

natures experiments

26
Q

what are three disadvantages of lesion studies?

A

how precise/specific lesions are
how to interpret the effects
recovery process- plasticity

27
Q

what is TMS

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation and is a technique for inducing virtual lesions or temporarily exciting neurons

28
Q

what is the main principle of TMS?

A

rapidly changing magnetic fields -> induction of electrical current

29
Q

what is the process of TMS?

A

coil placed near head and very brief, large current ran through brain

30
Q

what does TMS lead to and cause?

A

leads to induction of strong transient magnetic field and this induces current in neurons in the brain
causes activation, inhibition or stimulation

31
Q

what can tMS be used for?

A

to distinguish between models

32
Q

what are the advantages of TMS? 4

A

study healthy participants
inexpensive
good temporal resolution
controlled stimulation

33
Q

what are 6 disadvantages of TMS?

A 
noisy
low spatial resolution
small risk to enduce epilepsy
effects mood
local pain and headache
burns on scalp
34
Q

what is tDCS

A

transcranial direct current stimulation- shows that electrical stimulation can change cortical excitability

35
Q

what are the two mechanisms of tDCS

A

cathodal stimulation

anodal stimulation

36
Q

what is cathodal stimulation

A

negative

hyperpolarisation of neuronal membranes-> decrease in firing rate and excitability

37
Q

what is anodal stimulation

A

depolarisation of neuronal membranes-> increase in firing rate and excitability

38
Q

what are the short term and long term effects of tDCS

A

mins- polarisation effects on the neuronal membranes

hours- modulation of NMDA receptor strength or changes in transmembrane proteins

39
Q

describe tDCS motor cortex stimulation

A

the MEP amplitude increased with anodal and decreased with cathodal current stimulation

40
Q

what is MEP

A

motor evoked potential

41
Q

what is the ADM muscle and what is it related to

A

abductor digit minimi and DC stimulation via tDCS

42
Q

what are three advantages of tDCS

A

study healthy participants
inexpensive
controlled neuromodulation

43
Q

what are 4 disadvantages of tDCS

A

considered safe under 20 mins
low spatial resolution
not used in participants on certain meds
local itchy and mild headaches

44
Q

what are two less/non-invasive imaging techniques

A

haemodynamic and electromagnetic

45
Q

what are three haemodynamic techniques

A

Positron emmission topography (PET)
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
optical imaging NIRS

46
Q

what are two electromagentic imaging techniques

A

electroenchephalography (EEG)

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

47
Q

how do PET scans work?

A

inject/inhaled radioactive material
when in bloodstream it goes to areas of brain that use it
oxygen and glucose common as they accumulate
the isotopes emit positrons
these collide with electrons and emmit two photons in opposite directions

48
Q

where does radioactive material accumulate in brain

A

in areas with increased metabolism

49
Q

what are three advantages of PET scan

A

used to measure metabolism and blood flow
used in humans in conjunction with behavioural studies
used within psychopharmacological studies

50
Q

what are four disadvantages of PET scans

A

very expensive
poor temporal resolution
only moderate spatial resolution
invasive procedures

51
Q

what is an MRI for

A

anatomy, one scan for brain structures

52
Q

what is an fMRI for

A

brain function

53
Q

what is a BOLD signal

A

blood exygentaiton level dependent response

indirect measure of neural response - increased blood flow represents increased neural activity

Y3: PS3035 (5 decks)

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