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AP Psychology > Methods > Flashcards

Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Hindsight bias

A

The tendency of people upon hearing about research findings or information that they ‘knew it all along’.

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2
Q

Applied research

A

Explores questions that have clear, practical applications.

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3
Q

Basic research

A

Explores questions that are of interest but are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications.

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4
Q

Hypothesis

A

Explains a relationship between two variables.

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5
Q

Dependent variable

A

Change in the dependent variable depends on change in the independent variable; measured for results.

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6
Q

Independent variable

A

Change in the independent variable produces change in the dependent variable.

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7
Q

Theory

A

Aims to explain some phenomenon and allows researchers to generate testable hypotheses in order to collect data that support the theory.

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8
Q

Operational definition

A

Explains how a variable will be measured; defines the measures of a variable.

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9
Q

Valid

A

Research is valid when it measures what the researcher set out to measure.

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10
Q

Reliable

A

Research is reliable when it is consistent and can be replicated to get similar results.

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11
Q

Sampling

A

Process by which participants in an experiment are selected. Sample must be:

1) Random
2) Large population
3) Representative of population wanted

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12
Q

Confounding variable

A

Any difference between the experimental and control conditions besides the independent variable that might affect the dependent variable.

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13
Q

Experimenter bias

A

A type of confounding variable in which researchers treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypothesis.

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14
Q

Double-blind procedure

A

Occurs when neither participants nor the researcher are able to affect the outcome of the research; can eliminate experimenter bias.

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15
Q

Single-blind procedure

A

Occurs when only the participants do not know which group they have been assigned; can lemonade response/participant bias.

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16
Q

Response/participant bias

A

The tendency for subjects to behave in certain ways.

17
Q

Social Desirability

A

A type of response bias where there is a tendency to try to give answers that well reflect well upon them.

18
Q

Experimental group

A

The group that receives the treatment operationalized in the independent variable.

19
Q

Control group

A

The group that does not get the treatment of the independent variable.

20
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

A group’s performance is affected regardless of what is done to those individuals.

21
Q

Barnum effect

A

The tendency for people to accept very general or vague characterizations of themselves and take them to be accurate.

22
Q

Placebo method

A

A method that allows researches to separate the physiological effects of the drug from the psychological effects of people thinking they took a drug.

23
Q

Within Subjects Design

A

Using participants as their own control group; can cause order effects.

24
Q

Order effects

A

Participants may do better on the second test due to have taken the first test.

25
Q

Counterbalancing

A

Can solve order effects; half of the participants do the first part of the test and the other half of participants start with the second half of the test.

26
Q

Correlation

A

Expresses a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause; can be positive or negative.

27
Q

Positive correlation

A

The presence of one thing predicts the presence of the other.

28
Q

Negative correlation

A

A presence of one thing predicts the absence of another.

29
Q

Ex post facto study

A

All aspects of the research process are controlled; we choose subjects based on a pre-existing condition.

30
Q

Survey method

A

Can be used to investigate a relationship between two variables; neither variable is manipulated; while there are two variables, there is no independent or dependent variable.

31
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Unobtrusive observation in which participate are observed in their natural habitats. Researchers do not impact the behaviors of the participants at all.

32
Q

Case study method

A

Used to get full, detailed picture of one participant or small group of participants. Case studies allow researchers to get richest picture of what they are studying; findings cannot be generalized to a larger population.

33
Q

International Review Board (IRB)

A

Research must be proposed to ethics board; reviews for ethical violations.

AP Psychology (14 decks)

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