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PS1001 > Methodology & Stats > Flashcards

Methodology & Stats Flashcards

1
Q

What defines pseudo science

A

Ideas driven by ideological, cultural or commercial goals
Presented as scientific even though they aren’t
May be consistent with the truth but this doesn’t make a good theory

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2
Q

Scientific law

A

Something that happens without exception and has been established by repeated testing.
It specifies under such-and-such conditions, such-and-such will occur
Often describes a mathematical relationship e.g. The law of gravity

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3
Q

Scientific theories

A

A conceptual framework the explains existing observation (and the laws based on them) and predicts new ones

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4
Q

What’s the difference between scientific theory and what theory means in layman terms

A

Layman - theory is something unproven, an educated guess or assertion
Science - must be supported by substantial evidence and has been proven beyond reasonable doubt

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5
Q

What’s better a scientific law or theory

A

Trick question, they are equal

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6
Q

What 6 things are scientific theories evaluated on

A 
Principle of parsimony (occams razor)
Falsifiability (generates hypothesis that are falsifiable)
Does it require any leaps of faith
Consistency with know data
Internal consistency
Utility in generating new hypothesis
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7
Q

What is parsimony

A

The preference for the least complicated explanation

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8
Q

What is falsifiability

A

Is it possible to Meade and observation that would show that the theory is wrong (even if that observation hasn’t been made)
Is it clear what would justify rejection of the theory and is it possible to actually test and challenge the basic premises of the theory

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9
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

A working assumption whose merit is to be evaluated

Ideally based on evidence but could be an educated guess

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10
Q

How is a hypothesis phrased

A

A statement which may or may not be true relating the independent and dependent variable

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11
Q

What two pairs do hypotheses always come in and what do they mean

A

Null - no relationship

Alternative - a relationship exists

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12
Q

What would make a test one or two tailed

A

One tailed - a directional prediction which specifies the nature of a relationship
Two tailed- non-directional prediction which only states there is a relationship

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13
Q

When can it make a one tailed hypothesis

A

When based on a well-researched theory

When based on previous research showing consistent trends in that direction

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14
Q

what is a variable

how must scientists define variable

A

anything that varies and can be measured

scientists must provide an operational definition

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15
Q

what is an operational definition

A

this defines a variable in terms of the procedures used to produce or measure it

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16
Q

Confounding variables

A

one or more variables which are not under the experimenters control which vary systematically with the independent variable. this means the experimenter cannot claim the independent variable was only at play in causing change in the dependent variable

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17
Q

how to remove the effect of confounding variables

A

counterbalance

eg if time of day is an issue then run half of each group in the morning and half of each group in the evening

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18
Q

random variable

A

variables other than the independent variable that effects the dependent variable something that is simply impossible to control
eg participants mood or IQ

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19
Q

how to remove the effect of the random variable

A

random assignment

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20
Q

what are the two broad avenues of scientific study

A

quasi-experiments and true experiments

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21
Q

name 4 types of quasi-experiments

A

observational studies
interviews and questionnaires
case studies
correlation studies

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22
Q

what are the three essential components of a true scientific experiment

A

one variable is manipulated
the researcher measures whether or not this manipulation results in changes in a second, dependent variable
extraneous variable are controlled so that causal relationships can be established

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23
Q

what is a between subjects-design

A

each participant is randomly assigned to only one of the conditions
so each participant is only used once

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24
Q

what is a within subjects design

A

each participant is measured under both the experimental and control conditions
each participant is used more than once
design looks for differences from condition to condition within individuals

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25
Q

what is matched design

A

type of between-subjects design
each pair is matched on one or more relevant characteristic
this reduces between groups variability
requires considerable effort and resources but exploits the advantages of both within and between subjects designs

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26
Q

what is a population

A

a complete set of individuals with come common characteristic

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27
Q

what is a sample

A

a small number of scores selected from the whole set of scores

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28
Q

name two sampling techniques

A

random

opportunity

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29
Q

what is random sampling

A

every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
nice idea but rarely possible

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30
Q

opportunity sampling

A

a sample based on subjects who are available and willing to participate in the study

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31
Q

WEIRD acronym

A 
westernised
educated
I
rich
democratic
32
Q

what are descriptive stats

A

tool for summarising data - major trends in raw data, mean, median etc

33
Q

what are inferential stats

A

generalising from a sample to an entire population

eg stats tests

34
Q

what are the 4 levels of measurement

A 
NOIR
nominal
ordinal
interval 
ratio
35
Q

nominal data

A

qualitative data
categorical
named

36
Q

ordinal data

A 
quantitative
numbers have an ordered relationship
numbers indicate position on a list
eg first, second, third
differences between adjacent scores do not represent equal quantities
37
Q

interval and ratio data

A

quantitative
numbers say what they mean - numeric properties are literal
interval as no absolute zero, ratio there is an absolute zero

38
Q

what is the variance and how do we calculate it

A

average amount that a score deviates from the mean

calculate it using formula given by paula (variance is s^2)

39
Q

whats the problem with the variance

A

numerical value doesn’t relate to the data

40
Q

what is the standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance

a standardised score which is the average deviation about the mean

41
Q

whats the difference between the two formula for the standard deviation

A

when whole population /n but this is very rare

when a sample (the usual situation) divide by n-1

42
Q

how much of the data will lie within one (+/-)standard deviation of the mean

A

68.3%

43
Q

how much of the data will lie within two (+/-)standard deviation of the mean

A

95.4%

44
Q

how much of the data will lie within three (+/-)standard deviation of the mean

A

99.7

45
Q

how to calculate a z score

A

(raw-mean)/ standard deviation

46
Q

what can we do about hypothesis using inferential statistics

A

we can test the null hypothesis

we cannot absolutely prove anything but prove beyond any reasonable doubt

47
Q

what significance level do we tend to use in psychology

A

5%

48
Q

what do we do in a hypothesis

A

set about to disprove the null hypothesis

49
Q

what do we assume in a hypothesis test

A

assume H0 to be true until evidence clearly calls it into question

50
Q

type 1 error

A

decide that a null hypothesis is false whn it is in reality true

51
Q

type 2 error

A

decide a null hypothesis is true when in reality it is false

52
Q

boy who cried wolf analogy for type 1 and 2 errors

A

type 1 - first everyone believed there was a wolf when there wasn’t
type 2 -then they didn’t believe their was a wolf when there was
now replace wolf with effect

53
Q

what does the standard error equal

A

standard deviation / square root n

54
Q

what does a t-test do

A

is an inferential test that assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other

55
Q

a t-test is what type of test and what assumptions does this carry

A

parametric test,
the scores must be interval or ration scale
that data must be normally distributed
the groups must have homogeneity of variance (similar variances)

56
Q

when do we use a paired samples t-test

A

within subjects design

57
Q

when do we use an independent-samples t-test

A

between subjects

58
Q

main feature of a paired samples t-test

A

the same participants performance is measured twice on different conditions

59
Q

degrees of freedom for a paired samples t-test

A

n-1

60
Q

degrees of freedom for an independent samples t-test

A

n1 + n2 -2

61
Q

how to write a conclusion for t-test

A

a “insert type” t-test revealed significant/no significant difference between the “specific info from question” (t(subscript degrees of freedom)=value, n.s or p<0.05)

62
Q

what was Juan’s practical on

A

gaze following in Lemurs

63
Q

what is gaze following linked to

A

key social cognitive skill linked to joint attention and theory of mind

64
Q

when is gaze following present in humans

A

well established by 12 months for objects within visual field, 18 months for objects behind the child

65
Q

what was Aprils Ruiz’s research question

A

maybe lemurs fail because they are tested with human models

66
Q

how did april carry out her experiment

A

pictures of lemurs on easel
pseudo-random order
she was blind to the images as behind the easel
opportunistically

67
Q

what did april find

A

lemurs did gaze follow - it is universal to primates

68
Q

what is habituation

A

becoming accustomed to a stimulus so that you pay less and less attention to it the more you are exposed to it

69
Q

what is dishabituation

A

the stimulus has changed and you pay attention again. your interest is renewed. the more noel the stimulus is, the more we dishabituate to it

70
Q

what was paula’s experiment trying to understand

A

intentional stance and rational actions

would babies follow the visual images or understand the rationale behind the images

71
Q

what did paulas study conclude

A

dishabituated more to irrational/old action suggesting the babies were able to interpret the story

72
Q

what goes into a lab report (in correct order)

A 
title
abstract
introduction
method
results
discussion
appendix
73
Q

what goes into the method

A 
participants
apparatus
material
design
procedure
74
Q

what goes into the abstract

A 
question being investigated
who participants were and design used
brief description of equipment, materials and procedure
main findings (no stats)
conclusion
75
Q

how to APA reference

A

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of Article. (NOW IN ITALICS) Journal Title, volume number (ITALICS STOP)(issue number), page-page. doi

PS1001 (4 decks)

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