methodology Flashcards
trephination
a hole drilled into the skull performed to rid individual of evil
leucotomy
frontal lobe tissue destroyed via hole in the skull
alchohol injection or coring leucotome
causes damage to brain cells to relive symptoms of shell shock
lobotomy
‘ice pick’ through the eye socket and into frontal areas associated with psychological disorders
destroys brain cells and changes neural pathways
stereotaxic apparatus
a device that uses a set of 3 coords that when the head is in a fixed position allows for precise location of brain sections
neurosurgery
surgical treatment of any portion of the nervous system
deep brain stimulation
a neural implant connected to the brain and stimulated neurones and elevates symptoms of disorders such as Parkinsons
histology
samples of the brain tissue are collected and investigated
thin slices are cut and stained with chemicals that react with the neurones making them more visible
ischemia
insufficient blood flow to the brain
poor oxygen supply and cell death
encephalitis
inflammation of he brain tissue due to infection or autoimmune disease
structural images
computed tomography (CT)
magnetic resonance imagining (MRI)
functional images
positron emission tomography (PET)
functional resonance imagining (fMRI)
stimulation
transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
MRI
magnetic fields and pulses of radio frequency to make pictures of organs and structures
radio frequency disrupts hydrogen atoms in the body and when turned of changes can be detected and reconstructed into images
CT
measures density of brain tissue by using x rays to generate 3D images
high definition of soft tissue and anomalies
PET
measures the metabolic activity
a radioactive substance is injected into the blood and collide with electrons in the tissue
increased blood flow to active areas result in more collisions therefore more activity
EEG
electrodes attached to the scalp and detect electrical activity in the brain regions
produces a graph of the brains overall activity in regions close to the electrodes
TMS
uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerves cells in the brain
used to treat depression
tDCS
currents is applied to the skull surface via electrodes
either positive or negative current
facilitates the depolarisation or hyper polarisation of neurones
induces long lasting changes in the brain to help with brain injuries or cognitive performance
gene manipulation
a process done to manipulate the genome of an organism in order to produce desired traits
MAO-A
an enzyme that breaks down important neurotransmitters in the brain
including serotonin and dopamine
fMRI
based of MRIs
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood respond differently to magnetic fields
increased demand for oxygen changes O:DO blood ratio
compare resting and task states
