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Chemistry > Meterials > Flashcards

Meterials Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cracking?

A

When large hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) are broken down into smaller, more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes).

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2
Q

Why is cracking necessary?

A

It helps to match the supply of fractions with the demand for them. The supply of fuels is improved.

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3
Q

How are polymers formed? (1)

A

A polymer is made up of lots of small molecules joined together called monomers.

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4
Q

What is a polymer? (1)

A

A polymer is a useful chemical made of many repeating units.

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5
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

An addition reaction is an organic reaction where two or more molecules combine to form a larger one.

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6
Q

What is the general formula for alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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7
Q

What is the general formula for alkene?

A

CnH2n

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8
Q

What is the structure of monomer used to make the addition polymer?

A

Small unsaturated monomers join up by the opening of the double bond allowing them to join up to form a long carbon chain.

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9
Q

what are the problems with polymers: availability of starting materials

A

Persistence in landfill sites, due to non-biodegradability greenhouse gases and toxic gases produced during disposal by combustion.

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10
Q

What are 3 disadvantages with polymers?

A

Cannot withstand very high temperature as all plastics melt down very soon as compared to metals.
The strength to size ratio of polymer is less while for metals is more.
Cannot be machined easily and limited speed for machining for it.
Heat capacity of polymer is very less so cannot be used in heat applications.

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11
Q

What are 3 advantages of recycling polymers?

A 
Environmental conservation and protection
Reduce consumption of energy
Reduce air and water pollution
Global warming mitigation
Limit waste in landfills
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12
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of recycling polymers?

A

More pollution and energy consumption
Result in pollutants
Increased processing cost and low-quality jobs
Require stricter and more stringent implementation
Good products are not guaranteed

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13
Q

Give a list of units ranging from cm downwards?

A

mm, μm, nm, pm, fm

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14
Q

How are properties of nanoparticulate materials related to their uses?

A

Nanoparticles are so small that they can enter biological tissue.
They can be mixed into other materials to form composite materials with improved properties. Nanoparticulate materials are used in some paints, cosmetics and sunscreens.

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15
Q

What are the risks associated with noanoparticulate materials?

A

Nano particles are extremely small making them able to to go in your skin and cells.

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16
Q

What are the properties of clay (appearance, melting point, malleable or brittle, ability to conduct electricity and ability to conduct heat)

A 
Opaque
High
Brittle 
Poor
Poor
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17
Q

What are the properties of glass (appearance, melting point, malleable or brittle, ability to conduct electricity and ability to conduct heat)

A 
Transparent
High
Brittle 
Poor
Poor
18
Q

What are the properties of metals (appearance, melting point, malleable or brittle, ability to conduct electricity and ability to conduct heat)

A 
Shiny
High
Malleable
Good
Good
19
Q

What is a life cycle assessment?

A

A LCA can be worked out to work out the environmental impact of a material. It is usually carried out as a comparison between different materials to see which has the lowest environmental impact.

20
Q

What are some advantages of a life cycle assessment?

A

Compare two products and to select the product that has the lowest impact on the environment.
It prevents reducing the environmental impact in one stage while increasing the impact at other stages of the life cycle.

21
Q

What are some advantages of a life cycle assessment?

A

LCA studies depend on assumptions and scenarios, as LCA assesses the real world in a simplified model. Studies can also have different scopes, so one study may leave out impacts or processes that another study has included.
What are you comparing these scores to?

22
Q 
What unit is...
A strand of dna measured in 
a sodium atom 
a molecule of water
an ant 
sodium nucleus
proton
A 
m
pm
nm
mm
fm
am
23
Q

What bond does an alkene have?

A

C=C

24
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon

25
Q

What is an addition polymer made from?

A

Unsaturated monomers

26
Q

How are polymers formed? (3)

A

Polymers are substances of high average relative molecular mass made up by joining up lots of small repeating units called monomers. The monomers that make up addition polymers have a double covalent bond.

27
Q

How are polymers formed? (3)

A

They are formed by lots of unsaturated monomer molecules (alkenes) that can open up their double bonds and join together to form polymer chains. This is called addition polymerisation.

28
Q

What is the formula for polymers?

A

Put the formula of the monomer in brackets and put a small ‘n’ after. So C3H6 becomes (C3H6)n

29
Q

Properties and uses for Poly(ethene)

A

Properties:
flexible, electrical insulator and cheap
Uses:
Plastic bags, bottles and wire insulation

30
Q

Properties and uses for Poly(propene)

A

Properties:
flexible, strong, tough and mouldable
Uses:
crates, furniture and ropes

31
Q

Properties and uses for Poly(chloroethene)

A

Properties:
tough and cheap
Uses:
window frames and water pipes

32
Q

Properties and uses for Poly(tetrafluroethene)

A

Properties:
unreactive, tough and non-stick
Uses:
non-stick pans and water proof clothing

33
Q

What is a composite material?

A

A composite material has different properties depending on the matrix and the reinforcement. The combination of component materials used can be altered, so composites can be designed to have specific properties for a specific purpose.

34
Q

What is the main disadvantage of a composite material?

A

They tend to be much more expensive to produce than other materials.

35
Q

What some properties of a ceramic?

A

They are insulators of heat
They’re more brittle and stiff than other materials
They are durable
They don’t degrade nor corrode

36
Q

What are some examples of ceramic product?

A

Tiles
Bricks
Toilets
Artificial bones or teeth

37
Q

How are ceramics made?

A

Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, natural elements, powders, and water and shaping them into desired forms. Once the ceramic has been shaped, it is fired in a high temperature oven known as a kiln.

38
Q

What are three ways that polymers are disposed of?

A

Incineration
Recycling
Land fill

39
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of Incineration?

A 
Advantages:
Easy way to dispose
Burns 90% of waste
Releases usable energy
Disadvantages:
expensive
pollution 
can damage public health
40
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of Recycling?

A 
Advantages:
Reduces the amount of waste sent to landfill
Saves energy and reduces pollution 
Disadvantages
can cost a lot of money
the product may not be durable
sites are often unhyginic
41
Q

What are some advantages and disadvantages of Landfill?

A 
Advantages:
excellent energy source
cheap
modern landfills are eco-friendly
easy to use
Disadvantages
highly flammable
partially responsible for climate change
can contaminate soil and water

Chemistry (8 decks)

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