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Geografie > Meteorlogy > Flashcards

Meteorlogy Flashcards

1
Q

What provides the energy for all weather activity?

A

The sun as electromagnetic radiation

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2
Q

In what form does solar energy reach Earth?

A

Short-wave radiation

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3
Q

What are the albedo values for snow?

A

80%

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4
Q

What is the albedo value for sea ice?

A

40%

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5
Q

What is the albedo value for deserts?

A

30%

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6
Q

What is the albedo value for arable land?

A

20%

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7
Q

What is the albedo value for grass?

A

15%

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8
Q

What is the albedo value for forests and water?

A

10%

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9
Q

What does the electromagnetic spectrum include?

A

Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, Gamma Ray

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10
Q

What is the approximate equivalent size of a virus?

A

10^-12 metres

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11
Q

What is the wavelength range for visible light in nanometres?

A

Approximately between 700 and 400 nanometres

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12
Q

What percentage of short-wave radiation is reflected or absorbed by the atmosphere?

A

About half

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13
Q

What is the global average temperature of Earth’s surface without the greenhouse effect?

A

-18°C

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14
Q

What is the average temperature on Earth’s surface due to the greenhouse effect?

A

Around 15°C

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15
Q

Which gases contribute to the natural greenhouse effect?

A

Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)

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16
Q

What causes the uneven distribution of incoming short-wave radiation across the globe?

A

Spherical shape, rotation, axial tilt, and Earth’s orbit around the sun

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: The Earth’s surface radiates energy to space in the form of _______ radiation.

A

long-wave heat

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18
Q

True or False: The angles of incoming radiation are the same around the world.

A

False

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19
Q

What makes life on Earth possible?

A

The greenhouse effect

The greenhouse effect traps heat in the atmosphere, allowing for a stable climate.

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20
Q

What are the most important greenhouse gases?

A
  • CO₂
  • CH₄
  • N₂O
  • O₃

These gases contribute significantly to the greenhouse effect.

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21
Q

What is the average temperature on Earth without the greenhouse effect?

A

-18 °C

The current average temperature is approximately 15 °C, indicating a significant warming effect due to greenhouse gases.

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22
Q

What is the current average temperature on Earth due to the greenhouse effect?

A

15 °C

The greenhouse effect raises the average temperature to 15 °C from -18 °C.

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23
Q

What temperature does the greenhouse effect raise Earth to?

A

33 °C

This is the theoretical average temperature with the greenhouse effect considered.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The greenhouse effect raises Earth’s temperature from _______ to 33 °C.

A

15 °C

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25
Q

What does the albedo effect refer to?

A

The reflectivity of a surface

Low albedo surfaces absorb more sunlight, while high albedo surfaces reflect more sunlight.

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26
Q

True or False: The albedo effect indicates that glaciers absorb more sunlight than they reflect.

A

False

Glaciers have a high albedo and reflect more sunlight than they absorb.

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27
Q

How many solar rays reach the equator during the equinox according to the illustration?

A

5 rays

This is a qualitative measure based on the number of arriving solar rays.

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28
Q

What is the impact of a low albedo effect?

A

Absorbs more sunlight than it reflects

This can lead to increased heating of the surface.

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29
Q

What is the temperature increase contributed by the greenhouse effect?

A

33.0 °C - 15 °C = 18 °C

This calculation shows the warming influence of greenhouse gases.

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30
Q

What is the significance of the illustration in Task 1 regarding solar energy?

A

It qualitatively shows energy received by Earth’s surface

The number of solar rays indicates the amount of energy received.

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31
Q

What is the total amount of incoming solar radiation received at the outer edge of the atmosphere?

A

340.4 units

This value is calculated from the solar constant, which averages approximately 1367 W/m².

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32
Q

What percentage of total insolation is reflected or scattered back into space?

A

22.9 units

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33
Q

How much incoming solar radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere?

A

77.0 units

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34
Q

What is the total outgoing infrared radiation from Earth?

A

239.9 units

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35
Q

What is the net gain of energy received by the atmosphere from greenhouse gases?

A

398.2 units

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36
Q

What process transfers energy from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere via water vapor?

A

Latent heat transport

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37
Q

How many units of energy are conducted from Earth’s surface back into the atmosphere?

A

18.4 units

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38
Q

What portion of longwave radiation emitted by Earth’s surface is transmitted directly through the atmosphere?

A

Approximately 40.1 units

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39
Q

Fill in the blank: The annual balance between incoming and outgoing radiation is the _______.

A

global energy budget

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40
Q

True or False: The atmosphere is warmed directly by the Sun.

A

False

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41
Q

What is the range of wavelengths of longwave radiation that transmits through the atmospheric window?

A

Between about 8 and 12 micrometers

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42
Q

How much energy is utilized in evaporating water from oceans, lakes, and other bodies of water?

A

Approximately 163.3 units

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43
Q

What happens to the energy absorbed by greenhouse gases?

A

It is radiated back to the surface

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44
Q

What is the primary method through which the surface of Earth warms the atmosphere?

A

Convection

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45
Q

How much energy is absorbed as latent heat stored in water vapor?

A

Approximately 63.6 units

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46
Q

Fill in the blank: The energy balance is almost zero because it must settle at a value in the long term, provided the _______ conditions are stable.

A

astrophysical

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47
Q

What is the axial tilt of the Earth?

A

23.5°

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48
Q

What are two effects that result from the axial tilt and Earth’s revolution?

A

Seasonal configuration of Earth & Sun, varying daylight hours.

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49
Q

What phenomenon occurs at the North Pole during summer?

A

24 hours of daylight.

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50
Q

What phenomenon occurs at the North Pole during winter?

A

24 hours of darkness.

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51
Q

What is the term for the longest day of the year?

A

Summer solstice.

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52
Q

What is the term for the shortest day of the year?

A

Winter solstice.

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53
Q

What do we call the point in time when day and night are of equal length?

A

Equinox.

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54
Q

Fill in the blank: Different latitudes on Earth receive different amounts of sunlight, which is a key factor in determining a region’s _______.

A

[climate]

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55
Q

What happens to sunlight at higher latitudes?

A

The angle of the sun’s rays is lower, spreading the rays over a larger area.

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56
Q

How do higher latitudes compare to lower latitudes in terms of heat received?

A

Higher latitudes receive less heat than lower latitudes.

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57
Q

What is the term for the phenomenon where a location receives sunlight for 24 hours a day for up to half a year?

A

Polar day.

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58
Q

What is the term for the phenomenon where a location experiences darkness for up to half a year?

A

Polar night.

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59
Q

At what latitudes does the Sun reach its zenith twice a year?

A

Tropics (<23.5°).

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60
Q

What type of regions experience four distinct seasons?

A

Temperate regions (23.5° - 66.5°).

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61
Q

What are the daylight hours in Oberwil?

A

9 hours 56 minutes.

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62
Q

What are the daylight hours in Kiruna, Sweden?

A

6 hours 59 minutes.

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63
Q

What are the daylight hours in Saana?

A

6 hours 49 minutes.

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64
Q

What are the daylight hours in Bern, Switzerland?

A

8 hours 59 minutes.

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65
Q

What is the relationship between the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays and the amount of solar energy absorbed by Earth’s surface?

A

The amount of solar energy absorbed depends on the angle of incidence of the sun’s rays.

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66
Q

How do land masses and water masses differ in terms of heat conduction and heat capacity?

A

Land masses are poor heat conductors, while water has a high heat capacity and is somewhat transparent.

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67
Q

What happens to air temperature as altitude increases in the troposphere?

A

Air temperature decreases on average by 6°C/km with increasing altitude.

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68
Q

Where is air temperature typically measured?

A

Air temperature is measured 2m above ground in shaded and well-ventilated places.

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69
Q

What effect does latitude have on mean annual temperature?

A

The further away a place is from the equator, the lower its mean annual temperature.

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70
Q

Fill in the blank: The higher the ________, the higher the air temperature.

A

[sun’s angle]

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71
Q

How do altitude and air pressure relate?

A

At higher altitudes, there are lesser air pressures; air is thinner.

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72
Q

What is the effect of aspect on temperature?

A

Southern-facing slopes melt faster than northern-facing slopes due to more exposure to sunlight.

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73
Q

What is continentality in relation to temperature fluctuations?

A

Temperature fluctuations near the sea are smaller than inland due to moderating effects of air masses from the ocean.

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74
Q

How do ocean currents affect coastal temperatures?

A

Ocean currents moderate temperatures; areas closer to large bodies of water experience less fluctuation in temperature.

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75
Q

What is the effect of cloud cover on solar energy absorption during the day and night?

A

During the day, clouds reflect short-wave radiation, reducing solar energy reaching the surface; at night, some long-wave radiation is reflected back to the ground.

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76
Q

True or False: The time of day affects the intensity of solar heating.

A

True

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77
Q

What is the troposphere?

A

The first 5-20km of the atmosphere where weather takes place.

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78
Q

Define insolation.

A

Insolation refers to the solar radiation energy received on a given surface area during a given time.

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79
Q

What is the atmosphere?

A

A layer of air surrounding Earth

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80
Q

What is the composition of the troposphere?

A

Essentially uniform, except for water vapor content

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81
Q

In which layer does weather mainly take place?

A

Troposphere

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82
Q

How high is the troposphere?

A

10-15 kilometers

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83
Q

What is the role of the layers above the troposphere?

A

Act as a protective layer against UV radiation

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84
Q

Where is most harmful UV radiation absorbed?

A

Stratosphere

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85
Q

What significant feature is located in the stratosphere?

A

Ozone layer

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86
Q

Fill in the blank: The atmosphere is made up of various _______.

A

gases

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87
Q

True or False: The composition of the atmosphere varies greatly in the troposphere.

A

False

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88
Q

What is the significance of the ozone layer?

A

Absorbs and converts harmful UV radiation into heat

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89
Q

What is the pressure at the mesopause?

A

0.01 hPa

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90
Q

What temperature range is found in the troposphere?

A

-80° to 40° Celsius

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91
Q

What is the upper boundary of the ozone layer called?

A

Stratopause

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92
Q

What happens to UV radiation in the stratosphere?

A

It is absorbed

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93
Q

What is the pressure at the tropopause?

A

100 hPa

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94
Q

What is the temperature at the tropopause?

A

0° Celsius

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95
Q

What is the definition of the term ‘Atmosphere’?

A

The Earth’s air envelope that participates in Earth’s rotation

Derived from Greek (‘atmos’ meaning vapor and ‘sphaira’ meaning sphere)

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96
Q

What is the primary composition of today’s atmosphere?

A
  • Nitrogen (78%)
  • Oxygen (21%)
  • Argon (0.93%)
  • Carbon dioxide (<0.5%)

Trace gases are measured in millionths of volume (ppm)

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97
Q

Which gas is significantly more common in the stratosphere compared to other layers?

A

Ozone

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98
Q

At what altitude is the tropopause located above Switzerland?

A

10 km

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99
Q

Explain the temperature changes in the troposphere.

A

Temperature decreases with altitude

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100
Q

Explain the temperature changes in the stratosphere.

A

Temperature increases with altitude

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101
Q

What are the main layers of the atmosphere?

A
  • Troposphere
  • Stratosphere
  • Mesosphere
  • Thermosphere

Includes specific layers like stratopause and mesopause

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102
Q

What is the temperature range in the troposphere?

A

10°C to -60°C

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103
Q

What is the temperature range in the stratosphere?

A

-60°C to 0°C

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104
Q

At what altitudes does the mesosphere extend?

A

50 km to 80 km

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105
Q

At what altitudes does the thermosphere extend?

A

80 km to 100 km

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106
Q

What are greenhouse gases?

A
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • Methane (CH4)
  • Water vapor

They reflect heat

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107
Q

True or False: The mixing ratio of gases in the atmosphere varies significantly with height.

A

False

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108
Q

What are trace gases?

A
  • Noble gases (Ne, He, Kr, Xe)
  • Hydrogen (H2)
  • Carbon monoxide (CO)
  • Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
  • Ozone (O3)

Typically measured in parts per million (ppm)

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109
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ layer is the upper layer of the ozone layer.

A

Stratosphere

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110
Q

What characterizes the thermosphere?

A

Absorbs more ultraviolet rays

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111
Q

What happens to air temperature as altitude increases in the troposphere?

A

It becomes colder

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112
Q

What happens to air temperature as altitude increases in the stratosphere?

A

It warms up

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113
Q

What is the lowest layer of the atmosphere?

A

Troposphere

The troposphere is where all weather events occur and contains 75% of the atmosphere’s total mass.

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114
Q

What does the term ‘troposphere’ mean?

A

‘Change’ in reference to weather

Derived from the Latin word ‘tropos’.

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115
Q

How does the altitude affect air temperature in the troposphere?

A

Decreases by 5-6°C per km

This temperature decrease contributes to the condensation of water vapor.

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116
Q

What is the height of the troposphere in tropical regions?

A

Up to 18 km

The temperature at this height is approximately -55°C.

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117
Q

What is the height of the troposphere over the poles?

A

Up to 8 km

The temperature at this height is approximately -85°C.

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118
Q

What is the second layer of the atmosphere called?

A

Stratosphere

The term ‘stratosphere’ comes from the Latin word ‘stratum’, meaning ‘cover’.

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119
Q

What significant feature is found in the stratosphere at about 25 km?

A

Ozone layer

The ozone layer contains larger amounts of ozone (O3) and protects life on Earth by absorbing UV radiation.

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120
Q

What is the primary function of ozone in the atmosphere?

A

Absorbs high-energy ultraviolet radiation

This absorption shields life on Earth from dangerous radiation.

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121
Q

What temperature change occurs in the stratosphere?

A

Temperature increases with altitude

This is due to the absorption of UV radiation by ozone.

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122
Q

What separates the stratosphere from the mesosphere?

A

Stratopause

The stratopause marks the boundary between these two layers.

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123
Q

What is a key characteristic of the mesosphere?

A

Temperature decreases with altitude

The mesosphere contains little to no ozone.

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124
Q

What separates the mesosphere from the thermosphere?

A

Mesopause

The mesopause marks the boundary between these two layers.

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125
Q

What happens to air molecules in the thermosphere?

A

Disperse into space

Earth’s gravity can no longer hold them at high altitudes.

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126
Q

What can temperatures in the thermosphere exceed?

A

1500°C

These temperatures reflect the high kinetic energy of gas molecules.

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127
Q

Name the four most important components of the atmosphere by volume.

A

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Carbon Dioxide

  • Nitrogen: 78%
  • Oxygen: 21%
  • Argon: 0.93%
  • Carbon Dioxide: 0.04%
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128
Q

True or False: The atmosphere’s layer boundaries are called pauses.

A

True

These boundaries separate different atmospheric layers.

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129
Q

What is the primary health concern associated with UV radiation in Switzerland?

A

Malignant melanoma

About 2,400 people contract malignant melanoma each year in Switzerland.

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130
Q

What are the main causes of skin cancer?

A

Repeated sunburns and strong exposure to UV light

This is especially relevant in southern countries and mountainous regions.

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131
Q

How does snow and water affect UV exposure?

A

They intensify the effect of UV rays due to high reflection

This increases the risk of skin cancer.

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132
Q

What environmental issue was discovered in the 1980s regarding the ozone layer?

A

Ozone depletion over the South Pole and North Pole

This leads to increased carcinogenic UV radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.

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133
Q

What are CFCs and their role in ozone depletion?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons used as refrigerants and propellants

CFCs break down in the stratosphere, releasing chlorine that reacts with ozone.

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134
Q

What happens to CFCs when they reach the stratosphere?

A

They are broken down by ultraviolet radiation, releasing chlorine

The chlorine then reacts with ozone, contributing to its depletion.

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135
Q

What is the chemical reaction that occurs when chlorine reacts with ozone?

A

Chlorine reacts with ozone to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and O2

ClO can further react with another oxygen atom, releasing chlorine to continue the cycle.

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136
Q

What international treaty was established to address ozone depletion?

A

Montreal Protocol

Ratified in 1987, it was supported by major producers of ozone-depleting substances.

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137
Q

What was significant about the Antarctic ozone hole observed in 2006?

A

It was the largest ozone hole recorded

Since then, ozone loss appears to be stabilizing.

138
Q

True or False: The ozone hole is related to climate change.

A

False

The ozone hole has distinct causes and effects compared to climate change.

139
Q

What is the composition of clean air?

A

Mostly N2 (78%) and O2 (21%)

This composition can change with pollutants like NOx and VOCs.

140
Q

How is tropospheric ozone formed?

A

Through the reaction of NOx and VOCs in sunlight

This leads to the creation of dangerous ozone (O3).

141
Q

What is the effect of VOCs in the formation of ozone?

A

VOCs pick up oxygen atoms during chemical reactions

This can lead to the formation of air pollutants.

142
Q

What happens to chlorine molecules at the South Pole?

A

They do not freeze and continue to react

This is due to the extremely cold temperatures that cause other molecules to freeze.

143
Q

What health issues can arise from ozone in the troposphere?

A

Damage to lung tissue and respiratory issues

Ozone can exacerbate conditions like asthma.

144
Q

What is the annual number of fatalities caused by air pollution in Switzerland?

A

Around 3000 fatalities

This number is ten times higher than deaths caused by traffic accidents.

145
Q

What are the annual health costs attributed to air pollution in Switzerland?

A

Roughly CHF 4 billion

This figure reflects the economic burden of health issues related to air quality.

146
Q

What two types of smog are distinguished based on the season?

A

Winter smog and summer smog

Each type has different causes and effects on air quality.

147
Q

What harmful substances contribute to the formation of summer smog?

A

Nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

These substances act as ozone precursors in the presence of sunlight.

148
Q

Fill in the blank: The concentration of _______ in cities is still too high despite decreasing rates.

A

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

This is indicated by monitoring data over the years.

149
Q

What environmental condition in 2015 contributed to unusually high ozone levels?

A

Heat waves

High temperatures increased the rate of chemical reactions that produce ozone.

150
Q

True or False: Reduced rainfall helps to remove pollutants from the atmosphere.

A

False

Reduced rainfall lowers the washing out effect, allowing pollutants to accumulate.

151
Q

What were the ozone levels like in urban areas in 2015 compared to 2016?

A

Higher in 2015

The summer of 2015 experienced significant pollution due to various factors.

152
Q

List five possible effects of smog on human health.

A
  • Coughing
  • Leg pain
  • Headaches
  • Eye irritation
  • Runny nose

These symptoms illustrate the acute impacts of air pollution on health.

153
Q

What is the significance of the ‘maximum monthly 98 percentile’ in ozone monitoring?

A

It indicates the highest ozone levels recorded in a month

This metric helps assess air quality trends over time.

154
Q

What is a major factor that leads to the accumulation of pollutants during heatwaves?

A

Less wind

Reduced wind speeds prevent the dispersion of pollutants.

155
Q

What is the annual number of fatalities caused by air pollution in Switzerland?

A

Around 3000 fatalities

This number is ten times higher than deaths caused by traffic accidents.

156
Q

What are the annual health costs attributed to air pollution in Switzerland?

A

Roughly CHF 4 billion

This figure reflects the economic burden of health issues related to air quality.

157
Q

What two types of smog are distinguished based on the season?

A

Winter smog and summer smog

Each type has different causes and effects on air quality.

158
Q

What harmful substances contribute to the formation of summer smog?

A

Nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs)

These substances act as ozone precursors in the presence of sunlight.

159
Q

Fill in the blank: The concentration of _______ in cities is still too high despite decreasing rates.

A

Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)

This is indicated by monitoring data over the years.

160
Q

What environmental condition in 2015 contributed to unusually high ozone levels?

A

Heat waves

High temperatures increased the rate of chemical reactions that produce ozone.

161
Q

True or False: Reduced rainfall helps to remove pollutants from the atmosphere.

A

False

Reduced rainfall lowers the washing out effect, allowing pollutants to accumulate.

162
Q

What were the ozone levels like in urban areas in 2015 compared to 2016?

A

Higher in 2015

The summer of 2015 experienced significant pollution due to various factors.

163
Q

List five possible effects of smog on human health.

A
  • Coughing
  • Leg pain
  • Headaches
  • Eye irritation
  • Runny nose

These symptoms illustrate the acute impacts of air pollution on health.

164
Q

What is the significance of the ‘maximum monthly 98 percentile’ in ozone monitoring?

A

It indicates the highest ozone levels recorded in a month

This metric helps assess air quality trends over time.

165
Q

What is a major factor that leads to the accumulation of pollutants during heatwaves?

A

Less wind

Reduced wind speeds prevent the dispersion of pollutants.

166
Q

What happens to air when it is heated?

A

It expands and becomes less dense

167
Q

What occurs when a parcel of air is warmer than the surrounding air?

A

It ascends

168
Q

What occurs when a parcel of air is colder than the surrounding air?

A

It sinks

169
Q

What is an inversion in meteorology?

A

A phenomenon where air temperature increases with height

170
Q

What happens to vertical mixing during an inversion?

A

There is very little vertical mixing and exchange of air mass

171
Q

What develops when cool air accumulates above the ground?

A

Fog

172
Q

Why does fog develop in the proximity of water bodies?

A

Cold air can hold less moisture than warm air

173
Q

What happens to airborne pollutants when an inversion lasts for hours or days?

A

They are not dispersed and can increase significantly

174
Q

What are the main components of winter smog?

A
  • Particulate matter
  • Nitrogen oxide (NOx)
175
Q

What size particles are particularly dangerous in winter smog?

A

Particles with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less (respirable suspended particles)

176
Q

What are the primary sources of particulate matter and nitrogen oxide in winter smog?

A

Combustion (mainly industrial and heating)

177
Q

Fill in the blank: An inversion is a meteorological phenomenon in which air temperature _______ with height.

A

[increases]

178
Q

True or False: During an inversion, warm air is located below cooler air.

A

False

179
Q

What atmospheric conditions contribute to the development of winter smog?

A
  • Light emissions
  • Little wind
  • Temperature inversion
180
Q

What is the relationship between altitude and temperature during an inversion?

A

Temperature increases with altitude

181
Q

Which Swiss cities are compared with world metropolises in terms of air quality?

A

Cities such as Jakarta, New Delhi, and Bangkok

These cities are noted for having the worst air pollution.

182
Q

What are the two types of particulate matter discussed?

A

PM 2.5 and PM 10

These refer to particulate matter of different sizes.

183
Q

Which cities have the worst air pollution?

A

Jakarta, New Delhi, Bangkok

These cities are identified as having significant air quality issues.

184
Q

What is PM 2.5?

A

Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 2.5 micrometers

185
Q

What is PM 10?

A

Particulate matter with a diameter of less than 10 micrometers

186
Q

Research Task: What cities or countries are currently affected by air pollution?

A

Identify specific cities or countries and their pollution issues

Include at least one article about a current air pollution problem.

187
Q

Fill in the blank: The smallest particulate matter is known as _______.

A

PM 2.5

188
Q

Fill in the blank: The larger particulate matter is referred to as _______.

A

PM 10

189
Q

What are the common causes of air pollution in affected cities?

A

Industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, construction activities

These factors contribute to deteriorating air quality.

190
Q

What are the effects of air pollution?

A

Health problems, environmental damage, economic costs

Air pollution has widespread impacts on both human health and the environment.

191
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s surface is covered with water?

A

71%

192
Q

What is the estimated total volume of water on Earth?

A

1’386 billion km3

193
Q

How much of the Earth’s total water volume is fresh water?

A

36 million km3

194
Q

What percentage of the Earth’s total water volume do the oceans account for?

A

97%

195
Q

What drives the movement of water in the water cycle?

A

Solar energy

196
Q

What process involves water evaporating from oceans, lakes, rivers, and the Earth’s surface?

A

Evaporation

197
Q

What term describes the release of water into the atmosphere by plants, animals, and humans?

A

Transpiration

198
Q

What forms when moisture in the atmosphere condenses?

A

Clouds

199
Q

What is the term for moisture released from clouds?

A

Precipitation

200
Q

What are the forms of precipitation?

A
  • Rain
  • Sleet
  • Hail
  • Snow
201
Q

What happens to precipitation after it falls?

A

It seeps into the groundwater or flows back into the sea.

202
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of water rising as vapor and forming clouds is called ______.

A

Condensation

203
Q

What is the yearly average precipitation in Switzerland?

A

Approximately 1,700 mm

204
Q

In Switzerland, what fraction of precipitation evaporates?

A

One-third

205
Q

Which rivers drain from Switzerland in different directions?

A
  • Rhône
  • Rhine
  • Inn
  • Ticino
206
Q

To which sea does the Rhône river drain?

A

Mediterranean Sea

207
Q

To which sea does the Rhine river drain?

A

North Sea

208
Q

To which body of water does the Inn river flow?

A

Danube and further into the Black Sea

209
Q

To which sea does the Ticino river flow?

A

Adriatic Sea

210
Q

What nickname is given to Switzerland due to its hydrological significance?

A

Water tower of Europe

211
Q

What is the process by which water is added to the atmosphere?

A

Evaporation from the Earth’s surface

Water is added in an invisible form as water vapour.

212
Q

How does air temperature influence the capacity of air to hold water vapour?

A

The higher the air temperature, the more water vapour the air can hold.

213
Q

What is the term for the amount of water vapour contained in one cubic meter of air?

A

Absolute humidity.

214
Q

What happens when air reaches its saturation level?

A

The invisible water vapour condenses into tiny water droplets.

215
Q

At what temperature does air with 6.8 g/m3 absolute humidity feel very dry?

A

30°C.

216
Q

What is the term for the ratio of actual water vapour in the air to the maximum amount it can hold?

A

Relative humidity.

217
Q

How is relative humidity calculated?

A

Relative Humidity (in %) = (Specific humidity / Maximum specific humidity) * 100.

218
Q

What occurs when the saturation level of the air is exceeded?

A

Water vapour condenses into tiny water droplets.

219
Q

What typically triggers condensation to occur in the air?

A

The air mass cools sufficiently to reach the dew point.

220
Q

What are condensation nuclei?

A

Microscopic particles like dust, soot, or ice crystals.

221
Q

What is the definition of saturation level?

A

The maximum amount of water vapour the air can hold at a specific temperature.

222
Q

Fill in the blank: Relative Humidity is 0% when the air is _______.

A

empty of water vapour.

223
Q

Fill in the blank: Relative Humidity is 100% when the air is _______.

A

full of water vapour.

224
Q

What is the dew point?

A

The temperature at which air must cool down to reach 100% saturation.

225
Q

What is the process by which water is added to the atmosphere?

A

Evaporation from the Earth’s surface

Water is added in an invisible form as water vapour.

226
Q

How does air temperature influence the capacity of air to hold water vapour?

A

The higher the air temperature, the more water vapour the air can hold.

227
Q

What is the term for the amount of water vapour contained in one cubic meter of air?

A

Absolute humidity.

228
Q

What happens when air reaches its saturation level?

A

The invisible water vapour condenses into tiny water droplets.

229
Q

At what temperature does air with 6.8 g/m3 absolute humidity feel very dry?

A

30°C.

230
Q

What is the term for the ratio of actual water vapour in the air to the maximum amount it can hold?

A

Relative humidity.

231
Q

How is relative humidity calculated?

A

Relative Humidity (in %) = (Specific humidity / Maximum specific humidity) * 100.

232
Q

What occurs when the saturation level of the air is exceeded?

A

Water vapour condenses into tiny water droplets.

233
Q

What typically triggers condensation to occur in the air?

A

The air mass cools sufficiently to reach the dew point.

234
Q

What are condensation nuclei?

A

Microscopic particles like dust, soot, or ice crystals.

235
Q

What is the definition of saturation level?

A

The maximum amount of water vapour the air can hold at a specific temperature.

236
Q

Fill in the blank: Relative Humidity is 0% when the air is _______.

A

empty of water vapour.

237
Q

Fill in the blank: Relative Humidity is 100% when the air is _______.

A

full of water vapour.

238
Q

What is the dew point?

A

The temperature at which air must cool down to reach 100% saturation.

239
Q

What is precipitation?

A

The falling of water from the sky in different forms.

240
Q

What size are droplets defined as drizzle?

A

Droplets of less than 0.5 mm.

241
Q

What is fog?

A

A thin fog with condensation near the ground.

242
Q

What is frost?

A

Frozen dew.

243
Q

What causes raindrops to fall to the earth?

A

Gravity.

244
Q

What is sleet?

A

Precipitation in the form of small semi-transparent balls of ice.

245
Q

How is sleet formed?

A

When snow falls into a warm layer, melts into rain, then falls into a freezing layer of air.

246
Q

What are hailstones primarily made of?

A

Water ice.

247
Q

What is the size range of hailstones?

A

Between 0.2 inches (5 mm) and 6 inches (15 cm) in diameter.

248
Q

What is diamond dust?

A

Extremely small ice crystals usually formed at low levels and at temperatures below -30 °C.

249
Q

What are the causes of precipitation?

A

Various, including thunderstorms and frontal precipitation.

250
Q

What is orographic precipitation?

A

Precipitation caused by air being pushed up a mountain.

251
Q

What happens to warm air in relation to cold air?

A

Warm air is less dense and rises; cold air is more dense.

252
Q

What is convective thunderstorm precipitation?

A

Rain resulting from condensation in clouds.

253
Q

Fill in the blank: The air cannot hold enough water vapor any more when it reaches the _______.

A

Dew point.

254
Q

True or False: Hailstones and sleet are the same.

A

False.

255
Q

What happens to raindrops as they fall?

A

They get bigger as small cloud particles strike and bind together.

256
Q

What is mist?

A

A form of precipitation made of tiny water droplets suspended in the air.

257
Q

What is snow?

A

Precipitation in the form of ice crystals.

258
Q

What is dew?

A

Condensed water from the air onto cool surfaces.

259
Q

What are the three highest types of clouds in the atmosphere?

A

Cirrocumulus, cirrus, cirrostratus

These clouds are classified as high-altitude clouds.

260
Q

Which clouds are considered ‘good weather’ clouds?

A

Cumulus clouds

Cumulus clouds form due to thermal convection.

261
Q

What type of cloud is typically associated with rain?

A

Nimbostratus clouds

Nimbostratus clouds are typical rain clouds.

262
Q

What prefix or suffix indicates a precipitating cloud?

A

Nimbo- or -nimbus

These terms are used to denote clouds that produce precipitation.

263
Q

What are the mid-level clouds?

A

Altocumulus, altostratus

These clouds are found at medium heights in the atmosphere.

264
Q

Describe stratus clouds.

A

Sheet-like structure, develop due to advection

Stratus clouds form when warm air moves over cold air or mountains.

265
Q

What indicates an approaching warm front with worsening weather?

A

Cirrus clouds

Cirrus clouds are wispy and made of ice crystals.

266
Q

Fill in the blank: Cumulonimbus clouds are known as _______ clouds.

A

thundercloud

Cumulonimbus clouds can produce thunderstorms with heavy precipitation.

267
Q

What is the structure of cirrostratus clouds?

A

Thin veil of clouds made of ice crystals

Cirrostratus clouds indicate worsening weather within 1-2 days.

268
Q

True or False: Stratocumulus clouds are low-level clouds.

A

True

Stratocumulus clouds are characterized by a low-hanging, nearly continuous cover.

269
Q

What type of cloud indicates heavy precipitation is likely?

A

Nimbostratus clouds

Nimbostratus clouds are associated with prolonged precipitation.

270
Q

List the types of clouds classified as low clouds.

A
  • Stratus
  • Cumulus
  • Stratocumulus

These clouds are found at the lowest altitudes in the atmosphere.

271
Q

What type of cloud is described as coarse and sheep-like?

A

Altocumulus clouds

Altocumulus clouds are mid-level clouds that mostly indicate stable weather.

272
Q

Fill in the blank: The high-altitude cloud that indicates an approaching warm front is called _______.

A

cirrus

Cirrus clouds are made of ice crystals and have frayed rims.

273
Q

What is the main characteristic of cumulonimbus clouds?

A

Tall towers from rising warm air

These clouds are associated with thunderstorms and heavy precipitation.

274
Q

What is the difference between altostratus and stratus clouds?

A

Altostratus are mid-level layered clouds; stratus are low-level layered clouds

Altostratus clouds indicate imminent rain, while stratus clouds indicate prolonged precipitation.

275
Q

What is the composition of air?

A

Air is a gas mixture composed of molecules and has mass.

276
Q

What is atmospheric pressure (p)?

A

Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by air molecules due to gravitation.

277
Q

What is the average mass of an air column with a 1 cm² base at sea level?

A

1.0332 kg.

278
Q

What is the scale unit for air pressure?

A

Hectopascal (hPa).

279
Q

What is the standard atmospheric pressure at sea level in hPa?

A

1013 hPa.

280
Q

How does air pressure change with altitude?

A

Air pressure decreases with increasing altitude.

281
Q

At what rate does atmospheric pressure decrease at sea level?

A

1 hPa per 8 m.

282
Q

What happens to your ears when descending from great altitudes?

A

Your ears pop due to pressure changes.

283
Q

Why do sidewalls of a PET bottle collapse when descending in altitude?

A

Due to increasing pressure on the outside.

284
Q

How does atmospheric pressure decrease with height in the lower troposphere?

A

Average value of 10 m per 1 hPa.

285
Q

What are isobars?

A

Lines that connect locations with the same air pressure.

286
Q

What is reduced pressure?

A

Air pressure calculated to be equivalent at sea level.

287
Q

What is a surface weather map?

A

A map depicting reduced pressure or reduced isobars.

288
Q

What do areas of high and low pressure represent on weather maps?

A

Relative conditions of pressure higher or lower than surrounding areas.

289
Q

What is a ridge in meteorological terms?

A

An elongated area of relatively high pressure.

290
Q

What is a trough in meteorological terms?

A

An elongated area of relatively low pressure.

291
Q

What are low-pressure cells also known as?

A

Cyclones.

292
Q

What are high-pressure cells also known as?

A

Anticyclones.

293
Q

Fill in the blank: Air moves from ______ to ______ pressure.

A

high to low.

294
Q

True or False: Air is highly compressible.

A

True.

295
Q

What causes warm air to rise?

A

It is less dense than cold air.

296
Q

What kind of air is associated with high pressure?

A

Cold, dense air.

297
Q

What causes a thermal low pressure area?

A

Localized area of warm air rises, lowering atmospheric pressure

Warm air is less dense than surrounding air, leading to its ascent.

298
Q

What phenomenon causes high pressure?

A

Subsidence

This refers to the cooling and densification of air above a high-pressure area, causing it to move toward the ground.

299
Q

What weather conditions are typically associated with high pressure systems?

A

Clear skies and calm weather

High pressure systems evaporate most of the atmosphere’s water vapor.

300
Q

What happens to air as it moves from high pressure to low pressure?

A

It is warmed and can take up moisture

Wind results from the movement of air from areas of high pressure to low pressure.

301
Q

How does the spacing of isobars relate to wind strength?

A

Close isobars indicate a strong pressure gradient and strong winds; far apart indicates a weak gradient and weak winds

The magnitude of the pressure gradient can be assessed by the spacing of isobars on weather maps.

302
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and atmospheric pressure?

A

Cold air = high pressure; warm air = low pressure

This relationship affects weather patterns and wind movement.

303
Q

Fill in the blank: Winds result from differences in _______.

A

atmospheric pressure

Air flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.

304
Q

True or False: The larger the pressure gradient, the weaker the wind blows.

A

False

A larger pressure gradient results in stronger winds.

305
Q

What occurs to air in a thermal low pressure area as it rises?

A

It cools adiabatically and water condenses to form clouds

This process is crucial for cloud formation in weather systems.

306
Q

What is the effect of wind on the temperature of the air?

A

Wind can warm air as it moves over the surface

This warming effect is enhanced when air flows across bodies of water.

307
Q

What should be analyzed to determine wind conditions in Switzerland?

A

The steepest pressure gradient using isobars

Analyzing pressure gradients helps in understanding wind strength and direction.

308
Q

What is wind speed measured in?

A

Wind speed is measured in km/h, m/s, knots

Knots is approximately 1.85 km/h.

309
Q

What does the Beaufort wind force scale relate to?

A

The Beaufort wind force scale relates wind speed to observed sea conditions or effects on land.

310
Q

In which contexts is the Beaufort scale still widely used?

A

The Beaufort scale is widely used in the English-speaking world and deep-sea navigation.

311
Q

What unit of measurement for wind speed is commonly used in German-speaking countries?

A

In German-speaking countries, km/h is commonly used.

312
Q

How is wind direction reported?

A

Wind direction is reported by the direction from which it originates.

313
Q

What does a northerly wind indicate?

A

A northerly wind blows from the north to the south.

314
Q

What are wind barbs used for?

A

Wind barbs are used to represent wind direction and speed on weather maps.

315
Q

What does the ‘head’ of a wind barb indicate?

A

The ‘head’ of a wind barb points in the direction in which the wind blows.

316
Q

What does a full line on the ‘tail’ of a wind barb represent?

A

A full line on the ‘tail’ of a wind barb represents 10 knots of speed.

317
Q

What does a half line on the ‘tail’ of a wind barb represent?

A

A half line on the ‘tail’ of a wind barb represents 5 knots of speed.

318
Q

What does a full blacked pennant or triangle symbolize on a wind barb?

A

A full blacked pennant or triangle symbolizes 50 knots of wind speed.

319
Q

What is the wind speed for Beaufort Force 12?

A

64 knots.

320
Q

What are the sea conditions described for Beaufort Force 12?

A

Sea completely white with driving spray, visibility very seriously affected, air filled with foam and spray.

321
Q

What is a local wind system?

A

Localized winds that influence the weather on a small-scale.

322
Q

What causes the development of the foehn wind?

A

A steep air pressure gradient (high pressure on one side of the mountain and low on the other).

323
Q

What are the two types of breezes that develop due to differences in air pressure?

A
  • Sea (offshore) breeze
  • Land (onshore) breeze
324
Q

Why does air above land heat more quickly than air above water during the day?

A

Due to differences in heat capacity.

325
Q

How does the land cool compared to the sea overnight?

A

The land cools down more quickly than the sea because it has only been heated superficially.

326
Q

When does the sea breeze typically develop?

A

During the day, especially in the afternoon.

327
Q

What is the maximum speed of the sea breeze on coastlines in lower latitudes?

A

Up to 40 km/h.

328
Q

True or False: The sea breeze increases relative humidity.

A

True.

329
Q

Fill in the blank: The sea breeze is strongest on coastlines in the _______.

A

[lower latitudes]

330
Q

What type of weather phenomenon can be influenced by local wind systems?

A

Cloud formation.

331
Q

What are valley and mountain breezes?

A

Valley breezes occur during the day as warm air rises from the valley, while mountain breezes occur at night when cool air sinks from the mountains.

Valley breezes are typically warm, and mountain breezes are cool.

332
Q

What happens to air as it is heated?

A

It expands, becoming less dense and lighter, causing it to rise above cooler air.

This process is essential for understanding air movement in valley and mountain breezes.

333
Q

What is adiabatic cooling?

A

A process where air cools as it expands in lower pressure without heat being removed.

This results in a drop in temperature despite no heat loss.

334
Q

What occurs as air rises higher in the atmosphere?

A

The air continues to expand due to lower pressure, requiring energy and causing molecules to vibrate slower.

This leads to a decrease in temperature of the air parcel.

335
Q

What happens to air as it cools and sinks?

A

It becomes denser and is pushed closer together by the weight of air above, causing it to heat up again.

This process is known as adiabatic warming.

336
Q

What is adiabatic warming?

A

A process where air temperature rises as it compresses and becomes more agitated without heat being added.

This occurs when air sinks in the atmosphere.

337
Q

How much does temperature decrease during adiabatic cooling?

A

Approximately 0.65° per 100 m.

This rate can vary based on specific atmospheric conditions.

338
Q

What is the temperature change rate for warming on the windward side?

A

1° per 100 m.

This indicates how air heats up as it descends.

339
Q

What is the temperature change rate for warming on the leeward side?

A

1° per 100 m.

This reflects the consistent warming rate across both windward and leeward sides.

340
Q

Fill in the blank: Adiabatic heating or cooling is the process of reducing or _______ a change in air pressure caused by volume expansion or temperature through.

A

[increasing]

This defines the fundamental concept of adiabatic processes.

Geografie (3 decks)

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