metapopulations, competition, parasitism and disease

Question 1

metapopulation

Answer 1

a population of populations

Question 2

rescue effect

Answer 2

high rates of immigration may save subpopulations from extinction

Question 3

how do you increase metapopulation persistence?

Answer 3

increase patch size
increase patch connectivity

Question 4

competition

Answer 4

the conflict between two species for some resource

Question 5

mutualism

Answer 5

++

Question 6

parasitism

Answer 6

+-

Question 7

competition

Answer 7

–

Question 8

commensalism

Answer 8

0,+

Question 9

amensualism

Answer 9

0,-

Question 10

intraspecific competition

Answer 10

comp between individuals of the same species

Question 11

interspecific competition

Answer 11

comp between individuals of different species

Question 12

exploitation

Answer 12

two species consume a shared, limiting resource; species that requires less of the resources “wins”

Question 13

interference

Answer 13

two species interact antagonistically for access to a resource

Question 14

allelopathy

Answer 14

occurs when a plant releases chemicals toxic to competitors in the soil

Question 15

co-existence

Answer 15

two species use the same resources in different ways

Question 16

exclusion

Answer 16

two species use the same resource in the same way; one becomes extinct

Question 17

competition exclusion principle

Answer 17

if two species use a resource in exactly the same way, one will eventually drive the other to extinction
ex) paramecium; putting the two paramecium together that both eating floating bacteria will cause one of the species to go extinct. Putting two paramecium together with one that eats floating bacteria and the other that eats yeast allows coexistence

Question 18

resource partitioning

Answer 18

co-existing species use the same resources in different ways
ex) anoles live in the same place and eat similar food, but can coexist because each species lives in a different part of the tree

Question 19

predation

Answer 19

one organism kills and eats another individual

Question 20

herbivory

Answer 20

one organism eats living tissue of plants/algae

Question 21

parasitism

Answer 21

one organism lives on or in another individual, feeding on parts of the host

Question 22

ways to avoid predation

Answer 22

running away
blending in (camouflage, octopuses)
standing out (bright colors, poison dart frogs)
mimicry (moth mimics stinging wasp, other frogs mimic poison dart frogs)
playing dead (hognose snake)
fighting back
signaling to predator (deer with white butt)

Question 23

aposematism

Answer 23

appearance of prey that indicates to a predator that it is dangerous or unpleasant

Question 24

Müllerian mimicry

Answer 24

two unpalatable species have similar appearance, all are toxic

Question 25

Batesian

Answer 25

a palatable species mimics an unpalatable species

Question 26

ways plants reduce herbivory

Answer 26

avoidance
tolerance
defenses

Question 27

compensation

Answer 27

tolerance of herbivory
removal of plant tissue stimulates growth

Question 28

plant secondary compounds

Answer 28

diverse chemicals used by plants to reduce herbivory

Question 29

constitutive secondary compound release

Answer 29

compound is always produced

Question 30

induced secondary compound release

Answer 30

compound only produced in response to herbivory

Question 31

keystone species

Answer 31

species that if removed, will cause the next “dominant” species to drive all other species in environment to extinction
ex) sea stars

Question 32

VOC

Answer 32

volatile organic compounds

Question 33

pathogen

Answer 33

parasites that cause disease

Question 34

Ectoparasites

Answer 34

outside;
plants: mistletoe, orange rust
animals: fleas, ticks

Question 35

endoparasites

Answer 35

inside
bacteria or worms

Question 36

vertical parasite transmission

Answer 36

between offspring and parent
ex) HIV, herpes

Question 37

horizontal parasite transmission

Answer 37

between other individuals
ex) malaria

Question 38

dI/dt=βSI-mI

Answer 38

model of disease dynamics

Question 39

I

Answer 39

density of infected individuals

Question 40

S

Answer 40

density of susceptible (uninfected) individuals

Question 41

β (disease dynamics)

Answer 41

transmission coefficient

Question 42

m (disease dynamics)

Answer 42

combined death and recovery rate
(births and deaths)

Question 43

SI

Answer 43

rate of encounter between susceptible and infected individuals

Question 44

BSI

Answer 44

disease transmission

Question 45

mI

Answer 45

rate at which infected individuals recover

Question 46

disease can increase and spread when

Answer 46

βSI-mI>0 or ST>mβ

Question 47

coevolution

Answer 47

evolution of two interacting species, which respond to selection imposed by other species