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HZT4U > Metaphysics Full Review > Flashcards

Metaphysics Full Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is metaphysics?

A

Beliefs about reality and who we are as human beings.

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2
Q

Democritus

A

Everything is created from matter and empty space

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3
Q

17th century revolution

A

Brought in new materialism and changed the traditional view of materialism.

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4
Q

Who is Hobbes and Julien Offray?

A

Hobbes: We know noting about the world except for it’s material appearance
Offray: We rely on experience and observation.

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5
Q

What are some objections to materialism?

A

If everything is material, where can we locate the consciousness? We cannot locate what people are thinking about.

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6
Q

Beyond Traditional Materialism (After 17th century revolution)

A

Heisenberg uncertainty principle: things only exist at a given moment of time there are seen. Electrons are in constant motion and they only exist once we look at them in a given moment in time.

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7
Q

Reductionism

A

An object or thing can have more than one meaning to it.

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8
Q

Phycological Egoism

A

Freud states that humans are selfish and aggressive (Ego, Superego, ID)
Mercer says that humans only do things to boost their ego.

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9
Q

What is idealism?

A

Reality is created from the mind, not matter

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10
Q

Who was George Berkley?

A

Founder of modern idealism. Nothing exists other than spirits and ideas (Both subjective and objective)

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11
Q

Subjective idealism: with an example

A

We perceive the world through our own senses. For example, some ideas are in our control like imagination and others are without of control; like a garden we see with our own eyes.

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12
Q

Objective Idealism: with an example

A

Ideas that come from the external environment. For example, these external senses come from God that make the world around us.

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13
Q

What are some objections to idealism?

A

Subjective: How do we know what else is out there if everything we see is based on what we see in reality? How can we make objections if knowledge is subjective?

Objective: If reality is based on others and God for instance, how does that differ with human consciousness?

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14
Q

What are the three things that make the soul and human nature according to Plato?

A 
Apetite= deire 
Aggression= spirit 
Reason= ability to think
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15
Q

What idea does Aristotle say is the most important?

A

Reason. All humans have the same purpose and the same human nature and discovered without forms.

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16
Q

Judeo Christian view

A

Humans are made in the image of God

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17
Q

What does Augustine and Aquinas say about the Christian View of human nature?

A

Augustine: the souls that believe in God will rise to heaven. All humans have lust and pride that strains them away from evil.

Aquinas: purpose is to achieve happiness and use their reasoning to know God.

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18
Q

What are Darwin’s three ideas that oppose the traditional view of human nature?

A
  1. Variation
  2. Struggle for existence
  3. Natural Selection
19
Q

Descartes

A

Created the dualist view of human nature. Humans have immaterial minds that live in a material body.
“I think, therefore I am”

20
Q

Describe the difference between the mind and body.

A

Body: Observable physical characteristics that can be described.
Mind: No observable characteristics; bias upon every individual. Expresses emotions and perceptions.
How can a immaterial mind control a material body?

21
Q

What is a Behaviourist and Functionalist?

A

Behaviourism: mental states come from bodily behaviours.
Functionalism: (Input-output). Mental states creates sensory outputs and inputs to create casual relations.

22
Q

What is Pragmatism?

A

Beliefs about reality are meaningful only if they have practical consequences. Turns away from traditional philosophy and moves to philosophy that betters humanity.
Involves trying to find our ideal world that will better ourselves and humanity.

23
Q

Who was John Dewey and William James?

A

Dewey: Traditional philosophy comes from the struggle of people trying to figure out who they are and create unjust human wishes.
James: we must use philosophy to better our lives. Different sub-universes gives us the most meaning if they have practical consequences.

24
Q

What are some objections to pragmatism?

A

Sounds like idealism when we choose our own ideal sub universe (James)
How is there a reality apart from the mind? Can anything be real apart from our own desires?
Does pragmatism have the resources to better science?

25
Q

What is logical positivism?

A

Rejects all traditional philosophy. Focuses on language and meaning. While pragmatism focuses on how philosophy can being up good facts and consequences.

26
Q

What are the philosophical statements that must only be meaningful according to logical positivists?

A
  1. True by definition
  2. True by fact
    Traditional philosophy is just theories, hence it is meaningless.
27
Q

Carnap

A

Religious, metaphysical and ethical statements are only meaningful to a non literal sense as they only express emotion.

28
Q

What are some objections to logical positivism?

A

Just because positivists reject to answer these questions, they are still important to the vast majority of people. When they create meaning for themselves, it does not follow their two statements as they are expressing emotion as well.

29
Q

What is the difference between realism and antirealism?

A

Realism: world is universal; everything has a universal message. Reality exists independent of our minds.
Antirealism: Based on language.

30
Q

What are the objections to antirealism?

A

If everyone lives in their own realities, how do we share a common language? Are all reasons equal and valid?

31
Q

What is postmodernism?

A

Rejects the view that there is only one reality.

32
Q

What are the deductive arguments for determinism?

A

All of our actions come from previous events through laws of nature, which does not make us act freely and morally. Hence, people are not free and not at fault with their actions.

33
Q

What does Kierkegaard say about Libertarianism?

A

People are fully responsible for their actions. We live in a infinite world where we could potentially do anything we wan but we are born into a finite environment.

34
Q

Who was Jean-Paul Satre?

A

When we act we tend to do it for benefit of ourselves.

35
Q

What are the deductive arguments for compatibilism?

A

A person is free is they are not forced or confined.

  1. People who act freely are morally responsible for their actions.
  2. If people acted freely all their previous actions are determined from laws of nature.
36
Q

What does Anslem say about the ontological argument?

A

God is an ultimate being in which nothing greater can be conceived. It must be present at all times.
God exists in reality and not just in our minds. If got only existed in our imaginations, it would not be the greatest thing. It must exist in reality to be the greatest thing. Therefore, God exists.

37
Q

What are two objections to the ontological argument?

A

Immanuel Kant: Anselm confuses between a concept and existence. Existence does not come in degrees.
Guanilo: If Anselm was right, we could just say that anything is the greatest thing that can be achieved in our consciousness.

38
Q

What is the cosmological argument?

A

Aquinas: God is the first mover to chart the chain of how things move.

39
Q

What are the two objections to the cosmological argument?

A

Issac Newton: God is not needed to explain how things move because physics and the laws of motion and gravity exist.
David Hume: There could not be a beginning, the universe may have existed forever.

40
Q

What is the Design argument?

A

William Paley: We need more of a personal God. It is an inductive argument that states anything intended to us personally like an artifact has a purpose and was created from an intellectual being such as God.

41
Q

What is the fine-tuning argument?

A

Everything happens for a reason. Humans are here based on divine timing.

42
Q

What are some objections to the design argument?

A

Hume’s objection: we have never seen how artifacts are made, so how do we know they were created from God?
Darwin: there is evolution and natural selection.

43
Q

Human speculation

A

Logical problem with evil is a deductive argument

Evidential problem with evil is a problematic argument

HZT4U (3 decks)

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