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glassworking > metals and composites > Flashcards

metals and composites Flashcards

1
Q

the 4 types of engineering materials

A

metals, ceramics, polymers, composites

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2
Q

4 advantages of metals

A

high stiffness and strength
toughness
good electrical and thermal conductivity
cost effective

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3
Q

Metals can be {1} for high hardness, strength and {2}

A

1: alloyed
2: rigidity

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4
Q

what’s meant by toughness

A

capacity to absorb energy

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5
Q

what material has greater thermal conductivity than respective materials

A

metals, compared to ceramics and polymers

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6
Q

ferrous metal meaning

A

based on iron e.g. steel, cast iron

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7
Q

superalloys are based on {1}, nickel or {2}

A

1: iron
2: cobalt

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8
Q

Alloying can enhance material {1}. Alloying can increase {2} and {3} relative to pure metals.

A

1:properties
2, 3: strength, hardness

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9
Q

define hardness

A

ability to withstand surface indentation

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10
Q

alloying is …

A

mixture/compound of 2+ elements, at least one being metallic

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11
Q

2 main alloying categories

A

solid solutions
intermediate phases

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12
Q

solid solutions means…

A

alloy where one element is dissolved in another, forms a single phase structure

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13
Q

what’s meant by a phase

A

any homogenous mass e.g. metal, in which grains have the same crystal lattice structure

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14
Q

In solid solution, what material is the solvent or base element? What material is the dissolved element

A

metallic
metallic or non

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15
Q

2 forms of solid solutions, briefly describe

A

1) substitutional– atoms of solvent element replaced in its unit cell by dissolved element
2) interstitial– atoms of dissolving element fit into vacant spaces between base metal atoms in lattice structure

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16
Q

In both solid solution forms, alloy structure is generally {1} and {2} than either of the component elements

A

1,2 : stronger, harder

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17
Q

There’s usually limits to the {1} of one element in another. When the amount of {2} element in the alloy exceeds the solid {1} limit of the {3} metal, a {4} phase forms in the alloy. I.e. the chemical composition is {5} between the two {6} elements.

A

1: solubility
2: dissolving
3: base
4: second
5: intermediate
6: pure

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18
Q

Metallic compounds are an example of {1} phases, consisting of…

A

1: intermediate
metal and non metal e.g. iron carbide, Fe3C

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19
Q

Intermetallic compounds are …, such as …

A

two metals forming a compound e.g. Roman yellow brass, CuZn

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20
Q

For intermetallic compounds, describe structure and properties

A

1) intermetallic–well defined stoichiometry (elements combine in fixed, precise ratios) and ordered crystal structures, form when 2=+ metals combine in specific atomic ratios
properties–high hardness and temp resistance

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21
Q

Intermetallic compounds tend to be more brittle due to their { 1 }. They display unique superconducting, chemical and {2} properties due to their { 3 } and mixed bonding (metallic and {4})

A

1: more ordered structure
2: magnetic
3: more ordered structure
4: ionic

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22
Q

For metallic compounds, describe structure and properties

A

mix of 2=+ metals (or metals and another element), where combined metals retain some of their individual properties
more ductile and malleable than intermetallic
varying melting point
designed to harness best properties of constituent metals e.g. improved strength, corrosion resistance

23
Q

{1} compounds are widely used in various industries due to their customizable properties, such as construction, {2} and {3}

A

1: metallic
2, 3: aerospace, automotive

24
Q

Intermetallic compounds are known for their high { 1 } and unique magnetic and chemical properties, they are generally more {2}. Metallic compounds, on the other hand, are valued for their {3}, malleability, and {4} properties.

A

1: melting points
2: brittle
3: ductility
4: customizable

25
Q

Two phase alloys are important as they can be { 1 } for much higher strength than { 2 }

A

1: heat treated
2: solid solutions

26
Q

eutectic alloy meaning

A

mixture 2=+ elements that has specific composition st it solidifies at single lower temperature, eutectic point//
solidus and liquidus at same temp

27
Q

Eutectic, derived from the Greek word eutektos, meaning easily {1}. Eutectic temperature is the { 2 } of the eutectic composition, always the {3} { 2 } for the alloy system.

A

1: melted
2: melting point
3: lowest

28
Q

2 most important ferrous metals

A

alloys of iron and carbon (superior strength)

29
Q

iron and carbon alloys divided into two major groups:

A

steel and cast iron, make approx 85% of metal tonnage

30
Q

For iron, the phase at room temperature is alpha, called {1} which is a BCC/FCC. At {2} degrees, ferrite transforms to gamma, called {3} which is a BCC/FCC. Then from 1394 degrees, this transforms to delta, BCC/FCC.

A

1: ferrite, BCC
2: 912
3: austenite, FCC
FCC

31
Q

pure iron melts at

A

1540 degrees

32
Q

the most pure iron is {1} iron, at about x%, for research and other purpose where pure metal is required.

A

1: electrolytic
99.99

33
Q

{1} iron contains 0.1% impurities, and is used in applications where high {2} or { 3 } is needed

A

1: ingot
2,3: ductility, corrosion resistance

34
Q

{1} iron is contains 3% slag, but very little carbon, and is easily shaped in hot forming operations such as {2}

A

1: wrought
2: forging

35
Q

Ferrite/Austenite dissolves more carbon than ferrite/austenite. The difference in {1} between alpha and gamma provides opportunities for strengthening via {2} treatment

A

Austenite, ferrite
solubility
heat

36
Q

what are superalloys?

A

High performance alloys designed to meet demanding requirements for strength & resistance to surface degradation at high temps

37
Q

Many superalloys contain substantial amounts of {1} or more metals, rather than one base metal +alloying elements. Superalloys are very {in/expensive}, and are technologically important due to their { 2 }.

A

1: 3
2: unique properties

38
Q

For super alloys, {room/high} temperature performance is good, while {room/high} temp performance is excellent

A

room, high

39
Q

For superalloys, {1} temperature performance is excellent - tensile strength, hot hardness,
{c__ & c___} resistance, and at very {1} temperatures
Operating temperatures often ~ {2} ºC.
Applications e.g. {3}, for any system operating more {4} at {5} temperatures

A

1: high
corrosion, creep
3: jet and rocket engines, steam turbines, and
nuclear power plants
4: efficiently
5: elevated

39
Q

True or false,
superalloys excel in systems that operate more efficiently at high temperatures

A

true

40
Q

three groups of superalloys

A

iron based e.g. alloyed with Ni
nickel based, better high temp strength than alloy steels, alloyed with Fe, Ti
cobalt based

41
Q

all superalloys strengthen by { 1 }

A

precipitation hardening

42
Q

common process for steel making

A

basic oxygen furnace
electric furnace

43
Q

three metal shaping processes

A

casting, powder metallurgy, deformation, material removal

44
Q

metal parts are joined to form assemblies by {1, 2 ,3 }

A

welding, soldering, mechanical fastening

45
Q

heat {1} is used to enhance properties

A

treating

46
Q

finishing processes (e.g. {1} & {2}), are used to improve appearance of metal parts and/or provide { 3 }

A

1: painting, electroplating
3: corrosion protection

47
Q

3 methods to enhance metal properties

A

alloying, cold working, heat treatment

48
Q

Cold working, involves { 1 } during {2} to increase strength, reduces {3}. Heat treatment involves heating and {4} {5} performed to beneficially change its {6} properties.

A

1: strain hardening
2: deformation
3: ductility
4: cooling
5: cycles
6: mechanical

49
Q

heat treatments, cold working and alloying work by altering the metals {1} which in turn determines its {2}

A

1: microstructure
2: properties

50
Q

Greatest use in manufacturing for silicon is in ceramics (e.g. {1} in glass and {2} in clays), and alloying elements in e.g. {3}. {4} silicon is of significant technological importance as the base material in {5} manufacturing in electronics.

A

1: SiO2
2: silicates
3: steel, cast iron, Al, Cu
4: Pure
5: semiconductor

51
Q

2 basic categories of processing ceramics

A

molten and particulate

52
Q
A

glassworking (6 decks)

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