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EngLang 3/4 > Metalanguage > Flashcards

Metalanguage Flashcards

1
Q

Accents in Australian English

A

Broad, General, Cultivated

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2
Q

Acronyms

A

Pronounceable set of initials formed from initial letter of other words

(E.g. ‘ANZAC’ from “Australian New Zealand Army Corps’)

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3
Q

Active Voice

A

Most common type of ‘grammatical voice’, whereby actor/agent of transitive clause = subject, patient = object

(E.g. ‘Fred ate the cake’)

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4
Q

Adjacency Pairs

A

Part of conversation that contains an exchange of turns by 2 speakers & turns related to each other in such way that 1st turn requires certain types of response

(E.g. Q&A, ‘thank you’ & ‘no worries’)

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5
Q

Adjectives

A

Qualities or states which can either modify a noun phrase, or complement a verb phrase

(E.g. Modify noun ‘tall person’ or complement a verb ‘person is tall’)

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6
Q

Adverbial

A

Phrase that is optionally included in predicate, has flexibility of word worder & adds more info to subject/predicate

(E.g. ‘Fred at cake five minutes ago’)

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7
Q

Adverbs

A

Refers to time, frequency, place, manner, etc

(Many derived from adjectives via ‘-ly’ suffix, E.g. quickly)

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8
Q

Affixation

A

Type of bound morpheme either Prefix, Suffix, Infix

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9
Q

Agentless Passive Voice

A

Passive without agent/’doer’ of action (subject in active voice)

(E.g. ‘The cake was eaten’)

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10
Q

Alliteraion

A

Repetition of initial consonants

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11
Q

Anaphoric Reference

A

Part of cohesion. Expressions that refer back to something that has gone on before in the discourse (the antecedent). Antecedent necessary to provide info for expression’s interpretation

(E.g. ‘If you want my book, you can take it’)

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12
Q

Animation

A

Figure of speech that gives living beings (non-human), human qualities such as emotions, desires, expressions & powers of speech

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13
Q

Antithesis

A

Kind of parallelism that involves juxtaposition of contrasting phrases

(E.g. ‘many are called, but few are chosen’)

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14
Q

Antonymy

A

Using antonyms throughout text

(E.g. ‘dog’ & ‘cat’, ‘happy’ & ‘sad’)

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15
Q

Archaism

A

Word or construction that no longer employed/transferred from earlier phrases of language

(E.g. ‘manifold’, ‘ere’, ‘prithee’)

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16
Q

Article

A

Special modifiers that appear before nouns or noun phrases

Definite: ‘The’, Indefinite: ‘A/An’

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17
Q

Assimilation

A

Process of altering sounds so that it is closer to a neighbouring sound

(E.g. ‘sandwich’ to ‘samwich’)

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18
Q

Assonance

A

Repetition of same vowel sounds within words

(E.g. ‘get’ and ‘better’)

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19
Q

Auxiliary Verbs

A

Verb that precedes main verb

(E.g. ‘be’, ‘have’, ‘do’)

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20
Q

Blends

A

Word composed of elements of other words

(E.g. ‘vlog’ from ‘video blog’)

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21
Q

Borrowing

A

Process of adopting linguistic features from another language

(E.g ‘cafe; from French)

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22
Q

Bound Morpheme

A

Appear only as part of words

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23
Q

Broad Australian Accent

A

Accent identified with the ‘Australian twang’

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24
Q

Cataphoric Reference

A

Part of cohesion. Refers forward to another expression that follows it

(E.g. ‘If want you it, you can take my book’)

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25
Q

Clause Structure (& Basic Function)

A

Subject, object, complement, adverbial

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26
Q

Clauses

A

Structural unit that is larger than a phrase & may constitute a simple sentence/constituent of a complex sentence

(E.g. ‘I eat cake’)

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27
Q

Clefting

A

Focus device that splits off part of sentence in order to give it prominence

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28
Q

Code-Switching

A

Practice of alternating between 2/more language/dialects in conversation

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29
Q

Coherence

A

Semantic connections that exists within text to make it meaningful, if text is coherent it makes sense

Cohesion,Inference,Logical Ordering,Formatting,Cosistency,Conventions

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30
Q

Cohesion

A

Linguistic connections & ties that exist between words & sentences to give structure to a text

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31
Q

Collocations

A

Words that routinely combine with each other

(E.g. ‘round of applause’, ‘black and white’, ‘committing suicide’)

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32
Q

Colloquial Language/Colloquialisms

A

Slang that is recognised by majority of Standard English speaker

(E.g. ‘snags’)

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33
Q

Commonisation

A

Conversion of proper noun/name to common noun

(E.g. ‘esky’, ‘coke’, ‘elevator’)

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34
Q

Complement

A

Generally, an obligatory element in grammatical construction & completes what is said about subject

(E.g. ‘That cake looks delicious’)

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35
Q

Complex Sentence

A

1 coordinating & 1 subordinating clause joined by subordinating conjunction

(E.g. ‘I eat cake because I like it’)

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36
Q

Compound Sentence

A

2 coordinated clauses joined by coordinating conjunction

(E.g. ‘I eat cake and I drink coffee’)

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37
Q

Compound-Complex

A

2+ coordinating & 1+ subordinating clauses joined by conjunctions

(E.g. ‘I like to eat cake and drink coffee because I like it’)

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38
Q

Compounding

A

Combination of 2/more free morphemes

(E.g. ‘homework’)

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39
Q

Conjunctions

A

Link clauses/parts of clauses, subordinators & coordinators

(E.g. ‘while’, ‘when’, ‘but’, ‘therefore’)

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40
Q

Connected speech processes

A

Assimilation, Vowel Reduction, Elision, Insertion

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41
Q

Connotation

A

Emotional meaning of words that arises from people’s personalities, beliefs, experiences & can differ from person to person

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42
Q

Consistency

A

Consistent viewpoint

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43
Q

Consonance

A

Repetition of consonant sounds within words

(E.g. ‘white gate’)

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44
Q

Content Words

A

Words that have a real word/dictionary meaning

(E.g. ‘table’, ‘leg’)

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45
Q

Contractions

A

Omission/elision of internal sounds/letters within word

(E.g. ‘y’know’, from ‘you know’, ‘where’d’ from ‘where did’)

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46
Q

Conventions

A

Recipe breaks process down into simple, manageable steps, what is expected of text types

(E.g. A letter has a greeting and a sign off)

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47
Q

Coordinating Conjunctions

A

A word that links two verbs, two nouns, two adjectives, two phrases or two independent clauses

(E.g. FANBOYS; ‘for’, ‘and’, ‘nor’, ‘but’, ‘or’, ‘yet’, ‘so’)

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48
Q

Coordination

A

Combination of 2/more elements (words, phrases, clauses) that are equal in function & status

(Elements linked by coordinators/coordinating conjunctions (and, or))

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49
Q

Covert Norms/Prestige

A

Linguistic features that signal membership within certain subgroup (kind of ‘street cred’)

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50
Q

Cultivated Australian Accent

A

Accent used by around 10% of Australian population & is more rounded in articulation of vowels than Broad or General

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51
Q

Cultural Context

A

Cultural background of discourse & includes what participants know about context, reasons for their behaviour & their expectations of others involved in discourse

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52
Q

Deictics

A

Part of cohesion. Word/expression whose meaning is dependent on context in which it is used

(E.g. ‘here’, ‘you’, ‘me’, ‘that one there’, ‘next Tuesday’)

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53
Q

Declarative

A

Making a statement & subject + predicate

(E.g. ‘I like cake’)

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54
Q

Denotation

A

Dictionary meaning

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55
Q

Derivation

A

Changes word meaning/class

(E.g. ‘unhappy’, ‘relaxation’)

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56
Q

Determiners

A

Express definiteness, quantity, number & possession

(E.g. Articles: ‘an’, Demonstrative: ‘this’, Quantifiers: ‘few’, Interrogatives ‘what’, Possessive pronouns ‘my’)

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57
Q

Discourse Particles

A

Features of speech that have discourse functions to do with focus & change of topic & conversational functions to do with turn-taking. Also play role in expressing social relationships, personal attitudes & opinions, conveying sometimes subtle nuances of meaning

(E.g. ‘well’, ‘yeah-no’, ‘like’, ‘y’know’)

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58
Q

Double-Speak

A

Language that conceals true meaning of word/utterance by making negative seem positive & diverts hearer/reader from consequences of utterance/speech act

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59
Q

Dysphemisim

A

Involves verbal resources for being offensive, abusive or letting off steam & motivated by hatred/contempt/fear/distaste

(E.g. ‘slut’ for ‘prostitute’)

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60
Q

Elision

A

Omission of certain sounds in connected speech

(E.g. ‘fish ‘n chips’)

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61
Q

Ellipses

A

Part of cohesion. Leaving words out rather than repeating them unnecessarily

(E.g. ‘cake?’ vs ‘do you want cake?’)

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62
Q

End Focus

A

Given/old/established info is given before new/unpredictable/surprising info

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63
Q

Ethnolect

A

Variety that identifies speakers by their ethnicity & and usually influenced by 1st language/that of their families. Often employed as in-group codes in addition of mainstream Australian English

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64
Q

Euphemisim

A

Avoidance language that involves sweet-sounding/at least inoffensive alternatives for expressions that speakers/writers may prefer not to use on a given occasion

(E.g. ‘to pass away’ instead of ‘to die’)

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65
Q

Exclamative

A

Making an exclamation & what/how + predicate

(E.g. ‘what a big cake that is’, ‘how delicious that cake looks’)

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66
Q

False Starts

A

Kind of redrafting feature found in spontaneous/unplanned speech

(E.g. ‘today I, today I want to talk about…’)

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67
Q

Features of Spoken Discourse

A

Openings & Closings, Adjacency Pairs, Overlapping Speech, Interrogative Tags, Discourse Particles, Non-Fluency Features

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68
Q

Figurative Language

A

Asking the reader/listener to understand something by virtue of its relation to some other thing/action/image

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69
Q

Formatting

A

E.g. Title, date, by-line, opening & ending phrases, bolding, italics, underlining

70
Q

Free Morphemes

A

Can function independently as words

71
Q

Front Focus

A

Moves elements to beginning of sentences giving them greater prominence

72
Q

Function Words

A

Words that have purely grammatical meaning and does not refer to anything in the real world

(E.g. ‘the’, ‘to’)

73
Q

General Australian Accent

A

Accent used by great majority of Australian population

74
Q

Holding the Floor

A

Act of extending your turn

75
Q

Hyponymy

A

The semantic relation between hyponym (subtype) and hypernym (supertype)

(E.g. ‘poodle’ is hyponym of ‘dog’, ‘dog’ is hypernym of ‘poodle’)

76
Q

Idiom

A

Group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words

(E.g. ‘over the moon’, ‘under the weather’)

77
Q

Idolect

A

Linguistic system associated with an individual speaker

78
Q

Imperative

A

Issuing directive & implied subject (you) + predicate

(E.g. ‘(you) eat your cake’)

79
Q

Inference

A

Additional info assumed by hearers/readers in order to make a connection between what has been said/written & what is meant (speakers/writers imply what readers infer)

80
Q

Infix

A

Placed in middle of word

(E.g. ‘fanbloodytastic’)

81
Q

Inflection

A

A change in the form of a word that signals grammatical relationships

(E.g. tense, plural, possession)

82
Q

Information Flow

A

Part of cohesion. How speakers/writers go about ‘packaging’ their messages, how provide they right sort of cues to help audience interpret text appropriately

Clefting, Front Focus, End Focus

83
Q

Initialisms (abbreviation)

A

Non-pronounceable set of initials formed from 1st letter of each word in name/phrase

(E.g. ‘TTYL’ from ‘talk to you later’)

84
Q

Insertion

A

Addition of sounds in speech which ease articulation

(E.g. ‘drawing’ to ‘drawring’)

85
Q

Interjection

A

Words that have emotional meaning & stand by themselves outside clause

(E.g. ‘wow!’)

86
Q

Interrogative

A

: Posing a question & auxiliary + subject + rest of predicate

(E.g. ‘does he like cake?’)

87
Q

Interrogative Tags

A

Type of reduced interrogative ‘tagged’ on the end of declarative clause & requests hearer to express agreement/disagreement

(E.g. ‘the cake is pretty good, isn’t it?’)

88
Q

Intonation

A

Way pitch changes accross an utterance

89
Q

IPA

A

International Phonetic Alphabet

90
Q

Irony

A

Language that expresses incongruity between what might be expected & what actually happens

91
Q

Jargon

A

Language shared by those who belong to profession/trade/some other occupational group

(Functions: Serve specialist language or promote in-group solidarity)

92
Q

Lexical Ambiguity

A

Expression with more than 1 meaning => structure of sentence can also give rise to ambiguity

(E.g. ‘my mum won’t stop grinding me’)

93
Q

Lexical Choice

A

Part of cohesion, involves Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, Collocation

94
Q

Lexical Choice & Semantic Patterning

A

Figurative Language, Irony, Metaphor, Oxymoron, Simile, Personification, Animation, Puns, Lexical Ambiguity

95
Q

Lexical Meaning (Sense Relations)

A

Synonymy, Antonymy, Hyponymy, Idiom, Denotation, Connotation

96
Q

Listing

A

Often involves coordinated phrases/lists of words, more captivating way to present info

(E.g. ‘unmoved, unchanged, undefeated’)

97
Q

Logical Ordering

A

E.g. Chronological ordering

98
Q

Metaphor

A

Non-literal use of language where people refer to 1 domain by using language expressions usually associated with some other domain & there is transfer of meaning from 1 context to another

99
Q

Minimal Responses

A

Involves words such as ‘yeah’, ‘ok’ & sounds such as ‘mm’, ‘hmm’, ‘uh huh’ that listeners use while someone else is talking, to show engagement

100
Q

Modal Verbs

A

Verbs that convey necessity, possibility, obligation or probability

(E.g. ‘may’, ‘will’, ‘could’, ‘would’, ‘should’)

101
Q

Morphemes

A

Smallest possible unit of meaning in language

(E.g. root, bound, free)

102
Q

Negative Face Needs

A

Desire to not be pushed around/not to be imposed on/basic claim to personal territories, rights to non-distraction, to freedom of action & from imposition

103
Q

Neologism

A

Newly coined word

(E.g. ‘Altcoin’ - any coin that is not bitcoin in a digital currency)

104
Q

Nominalisation

A

Process that turns whole clauses into noun-like structures, becomes more abstract

(E.g. ‘the self-destructing device’ > ‘the device that self-destructs’)

105
Q

Non-Fluency Features

A

Pauses, Pause Fillers/Voiced Hesitations, False Starts, Repetition, Repairs

106
Q

Non-Standard English

A

Any other form of English outside of Standard English

107
Q

Nouns

A

Name of a person, place or thing

108
Q

Vowel Reduction

A

Omission of unstressed vowels in everyday speech

(E.g. ‘library’ to ‘libry’)

109
Q

Objects

A

Clausal constituent that follows verb in basic clauses

(E.g. for noun phrases ‘Fred never eats cake’)

110
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

Words with pronunciations that echo natural sounds of the world

(E.g. ‘splash’)

111
Q

Openings & Closings

A

E.g. ‘hello & goodbye’, ‘dear & sincerely/from/regards’, ‘ladies and gentlemen’

112
Q

Overlapping Speech

A

Simultaneous talk by 2/more conversational participants, irrespective of its status in participants minds as an interruption

(E.g. ‘so like I was talking to my [mum]’ ‘[yeah]’)

113
Q

Overt Norms/Prestige

A

Linguistic features that are recognised by culturally dominant group (standard features)

114
Q

Oxymoron

A

Phrase that combines 2 contradictory terms

115
Q

Parallelism

A

Use of similar sounds, words, or grammatical constructions & expresses dieas that are equally important

(E.g. ‘the sun rises, the sun sets’)

116
Q

Passing the Floor

A

Act of indicating your turn is over & inviting/allowing another speaker to start their turn

117
Q

Passive Voice

A

Discourse strategy whereby original object becomes grammatical subject, while original subject moved to optional prepositional phrase

(E.g. ‘The cake was eaten by Fred’)

118
Q

Pause Fillers/Voiced Hesitation

A

Vocalised hesitation or sounds that fill pauses

(E.g. ‘umm’, ‘uhh’, ‘err’)

119
Q

Personification

A

Figure of speech that gives non-humans, human qualities such as emotions, desires, expressions & powers of speech

120
Q

Phonological Patterning

A

Alliteration, Assonance, Consonance, Onomatopoeia, Rhythm, Rhyme

121
Q

Phrases

A

Group of words that is smaller than a clause & behaves like a structural unit. Named after most important word in string

(E.g. Noun phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase)

122
Q

Pitch

A

How high/low the voice is

(reflecting how fast the vocal chords vibrate)

123
Q

Political Correctness

A

Avoidance of expression/behaviours that perceived to exclude/marginalise/affront groups of people who are disadvantaged/discriminated against

124
Q

Positive Face Needs

A

Desire to be liked/individual’s positive consistent self-image/personality/desire of person to be appreciated & approved of by at least some people

125
Q

Predicate

A

Stand alone subordinating clause

126
Q

Prefix

A

Precedes root

(E.g. ‘anticlockwise’)

127
Q

Prepositions

A

Express spatial relations, & is also infinitive marker, indirect object marker, agent marker in passive clause (by), possessive marker

(E.g. ‘in’, ‘at’, ‘under’)

128
Q

Pronouns

A

Used in place of noun phrase

(E.g. ‘it’, ‘they’, ‘him’, ‘I’)

129
Q

Prosodic Features

A

Pitch, Stress, Volume, Tempo, Intonation

130
Q

Public Language

A

Variety of language used in open & shared contexts

131
Q

Puns

A

Type of word play that uses different meanings of word/brings together words that are similar in sound, but have different meanings

132
Q

Register

A

The level of formality in labguage determined by context. Frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate.

133
Q

Repairs

A

Process by which speaker recognises speech error & repeats what has been said with some sort of correction

(E.g. ‘toni-today I want to talk about…’)

134
Q

Repetition

A

Part of cohesion. Using the same word/phrase over & over again

135
Q

Rhetoric

A

Involves techniques for effective/persuasive speaking/writing

136
Q

Rhyme

A

Recurring pattern of identical/similar sounds at end of 2/more different words

137
Q

Rhythm

A

Regular recurrence of stresses or prominent units in speech

138
Q

Root Morpheme

A

Main free morpheme

139
Q

Semantic Fields/Domains

A

Area of meaning that is identified by set of related lexical items

(E.g. ‘cake’, ‘ganache’, & ‘flour’ are under semantic field of cooking)

140
Q

Sentence Fragments

A

Phrases without subject/predicate

(E.g. ‘he is’, ‘Harry’s book’, ‘eat cake’, ‘if I die’)

141
Q

Sentence Structures

A

Fragments, Simple, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex

142
Q

Sentence Types

A

Declarative, Imperative, Interrogative, Exclamative

143
Q

Shortenings

A

Reduction of word to 1 of its parts

(E.g. ‘exam’ from ‘examination’, ‘pop’ from ‘popular music’)

144
Q

Simile

A

Figurative expression that involves comparison between 2 things, signalled by ‘like’ or ‘as’

145
Q

Simple Sentence

A

Single independent clause

(E.g. ‘I eat cake’)

146
Q

Situational Context

A

Contextual knowledge & includes knowledge of who is speaking, listening, what is being discussed & general facts about the world

(Field, Function, Participants, Setting, Mode)

147
Q

Slang

A

In-group variety used by people with something in common & often bound by time & generation

148
Q

Social Purpose

A

Other purposes of language, common social purposes include: to build rapport, to promote solidarity and encouraging itimacy

149
Q

Sociolect

A

Variety used by people of particular socioeconomic status/educational background

150
Q

Spoken Discourse Strategies

A

Topic Management, Turn-Taking, Holding the Floor, Passing the Floor, Minimal Responses/Back-Channelling

151
Q

Standard English

A

Idealised variety that constitutes notional set of norms, generally adopted by educated speakers of English. Many standard varieties of English, according to age, generation & especially according to national origins

152
Q

Stress

A

How loudly/softly & how long/short different syllables are uttered

(Can differentiate stressed & unstressed, light & heavy stress)

153
Q

Subject

A

Clausal constituent about which something is stated/predicated

(E.g. ‘Fred never eats cake’)

154
Q

Subordianting Conjunctions

A

A word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause

(E.g. ‘because’, ‘although’, ‘therefore’)

155
Q

Subordination

A

Combination of clauses that are syntactically non-equivalent, a subordinate clause is part of another clause (main clause) & is introduced by subordinator/relative pronoun

(E.g. ‘I bought that book because I liked it’)

156
Q

Substitution

A

Part of cohesion. Substituting a word

(E.g. ‘do you have a pencil? Yeah I have one.’)

157
Q

Suffix

A

Follows root

(E.g. ‘happiness’)

158
Q

Suffixation in Australian English

A

Colloquial terms that add an ending such as a, o, ie, or y

(E.g. ‘‘arvo’, ‘barbie’, ‘ambo’)

159
Q

Synonymy

A

Using synonyms throughout text

(E.g. ‘dog’, ‘canine’ & ‘hound’)

160
Q

Syntactic Patterning

A

Antithesis, Listing, Parallelism

161
Q

Taboo Language

A

Words/phrases that considered inappropriate in certain contexts

162
Q

Tempo

A

Rate of speed of speech

163
Q

Topic Management

A

Related topic subjects discussed by speakers during turn-taking

164
Q

Turn-Taking

A

Practice of alternating turns from 1 person to another

165
Q

Use of Adverbials & Conjunctions in Cohesion

A

They show following relationships: addition, cause & effect, comparison & contrast, concession, temporal

166
Q

Verbs

A

Used to describe an action, state or occurrence, & forming main part of predicate of sentence

167
Q

Vocal effects

A

Noises made during speech

(E.g. Coughs, laughter, breath)

168
Q

Voice Types

A

Active, Passive, Agentless Passive

169
Q

Volume

A

Degree of loudness

170
Q

Word Classes

A

Nouns, Verbs, Auxiliary Verbs, Modal Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Pronouns, Conjunctions, Determiners, Interjections

171
Q

Word Loss & Formation Processes

A

Blends, acronyms, initialisms, shortenings, compounding, contractions,
collocations, neologisms, borrowing, commonisation, archaism

EngLang 3/4 (1 decks)

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