Metabolism Terms And Process

Question 1

What is metabolism

Answer 1

All the chemical reactions in the body involving energy

Question 2

Catabolic

Answer 2

Breaking reactions
Releases energy
(Cellular respiration)

Question 3

Anabolic

Answer 3

Building reactions
Requires energy
(Photosynthesis)

Question 4

Energy

Answer 4

-potential energy stored in bonds
-needed to form bonds
-released when broken
-left over energy can do work

Question 5

Cellular respiration

Answer 5

Producing ATP from energy rich molecules
Can be aerobic or anaerobic

Question 6

4 aerobic stages

Answer 6

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Kreb’s
ETC

Question 7

Glycolysis simple

Answer 7

~10 reactions
-in the cytoplasm
-means sugar-breaking
-starts with

2 net ATP
4 total

Question 8

Pyruvate Oxidivation simple

Answer 8

-Transition between stages
-in mitochondria matrix
-Pyruvate changed to Coenzyme A

Question 9

Kreb’s Cycle simple

Answer 9

—in mitochondria matrix
-cyclical
-all glucose gone by this stage

Question 10

Electron Transport Chain Simple

Answer 10

• on the inner mitochondrial membrane
• series of enzymes and redox reactions
  -most ATP made in this stage

Question 11

Glycolysis In depth

Answer 11

-Starts with glucose
-ends with Pyruvate
-4 total ATP
-2 net ATP
-2 Pyruvate
-2 NADH

Question 12

Pyruvate Oxidization In depth

Answer 12

-starts with Pyruvate
-ends with Acetyl Coenzyme A
-2CO2 as a byproduct
-2 Acetyl Coa are made

Question 13

Kreb’s cycle. In depth

Answer 13

-Acetyl CoA is turned into Citric Acid
-CO2 is relaxed throughout cycle
-Eventually turned into oxaloacetate
-2 turns per glucose
-4 total CO2
-2 total ATP
-6 total NADH
-2 total FADH2

Question 14

Electron Transport Chain. In depth

Answer 14

-NADH to NAD+ & H+
-electron from that enters the first enzymes and brings a hydrogen with it to other side
-as the electrons moves down the chain, it brings another hydrogen in
-at the second enzyme, FADH2 is turned into FAD+ & 2H+
-still electron enters the chain
-At the final enzymes the electron exits after bringing a third hydrogen through.
-The electron binds with oxygen and h+ to make H2O.
-The 3 hydrogen go through ATP synthase and cause it to spin, turning ADP into ATP
-3 ATP are produced per NADH
-2 ATPare produced per FADH2

Question 15

Proteins

Answer 15

-Digested into amino acids
-Then amino group is removed (deamination)
-Remaining parts are chemically changed & enter glycolysis or Kreb’s (depending on R group)

Question 16

Lipids

Answer 16

Digested into
a) Glycerol which is converted into glucose or 3 phoshglycerate & then enters glycolysis

b) Fatty acids which undergo B-oxidization which eventually produces Acetyl CoA for kreb’s

Question 17

Anaerobic cellular respiration

Answer 17

-some organisms live where there is no oxygen
-Some of these use nitrate to accept electrons or co2

Question 18

Fermentation

Answer 18

-type of anaerobic respiration
-Organisms have a limited supply of NAD+ in absence of oxygen
-The NAD+ can be reduced to NADH & not oxidized back to NAD+
-If no more NAD+, then cellular respiration shuts down
-certain cells will use glycolysis & then 1 of 2 pathways of fermentation to maintain adequate amounts of NAD+

Question 19

Alcohol fermentation

Answer 19

-done by yeast & some bacteria
-Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde + co2
Acetaldehyde -> ethanol & oxidzation of NAD to NAD+

Question 20

Lactate or lactic acid fermentation

Answer 20

-Done by some bacteria, fungi, & human muscle cells
-caused by oxygen depletion (no NAD+)
-cells go aerobic - no COA can be made
-Pyruvate turned to lactic acid