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Bio 264 -- Modules 8,9,10 > Metabolism, Reflexes & Autonomic System > Flashcards

Metabolism, Reflexes & Autonomic System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Builds two things together?

A

Anabolism

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2
Q

Breaks things down?

A

Catabolism

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3
Q

Goal in cellular respiration?

A

Make ATP

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4
Q

Glucose ——> ATP

A

Cellular Respiration

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5
Q

Shuttle for hydrogens?

A

NADH

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6
Q

Nad+ converts to _____?

A

NADH

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7
Q

Losing hydrogens & electrons?

A

Oxidation

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8
Q

Gaining hydrogens & electrons?

A

Reduction

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9
Q

Why do we breathe?

A

To convert glucose into ATP

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10
Q

NAD+, FADH, Co A all function as ____?

A

coenzymes

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11
Q

Comes from niacin // B vitamin

A

NAD+

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12
Q

Comes from riboflavin?

A

FADH

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13
Q

If you break things down you have a lot of ______?

A

Energy

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14
Q

What does glycolysis start with?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

4 main steps in glycolysis?

A

ATP input, sugar cleavage. NADH production, ATP production

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16
Q

What do we get out of glycolysis?

A

2 Net ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

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17
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

Cytosol // Inside of the cell

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18
Q

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

A

NO

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19
Q

Glycolysis is aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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20
Q

Where do the electrons come from?

A

Sugar

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21
Q

RIG

A

Reduction is gaining

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22
Q

OIL

A

Oxidation is losing

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23
Q

Input of ATP?

A

Fructose 1,6 – Bisphosphate

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24
Q

Sugar Cleavage?

A

Glyceraldehyde – 3 – Phosphate

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25
Q

NADH Production?

A

1,3 – Biphosphoglycerate

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26
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation happens where?

A

Cytosol

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27
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation is anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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28
Q

Recycles NAD+ which continues to help make ATP _____?

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

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29
Q

What goes into to Kreb Cycle?

A

2 carbon molecules

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30
Q

Purpose of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Make a lot of ATP

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31
Q

The ____ has the highest pH (low hydrogen)?

A

Matrix

32
Q

The ____ has the highest hydrogen concentration?

A

Inner Membrane

33
Q

What comes off of acetyl - CoA formation AND Kreb Cycle?

A

Carbon Dioxide

34
Q

_____ motor neurons are apart of the CNS?

A

Upper

35
Q

FInal Electron Acceptor?

A

Oxygen

36
Q

What 2 processes occur in the Mitochondria?

A

Kreb Cycle & ETC

37
Q

Terminal?

A

Parasympathetic

38
Q

What is terminal mean?

A

Close to the organ

39
Q

Collateral?

A

Sympathetic

40
Q

What is Collateral?

A

Far from the organ

41
Q

Products of the Kreb Cycle?

A

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

42
Q

How many turns for full metabolism?

A

2

43
Q

Where do the carbon groups come from?

A

Glucose

44
Q

2 carbon group also means?

A

Acetyl

45
Q

Where does the ETC occur?

A

Cristae

46
Q

How are skeletal muscles controlled?

A

Upper motor neurons & lower motor neurons

47
Q

Where does our idea of movement come from?

A

Prefrontal Area

48
Q

Planning of movement occurs where?

A

Premotor Area

49
Q

Where does the movement occur?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

50
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons located?

A

Primary Motor Cortex

51
Q

What detects stretch in muscles?

A

Muscle Spindles

52
Q

What is it called when only one synapse occurs?

A

Monosynaptic

53
Q

Afferent signals always enter what horn?

A

Dorsal Horn

54
Q

Efferent signals always exit what horn?

A

Ventral Horn

55
Q

Muscle fibers in a muscle spindle are?

A

Intrafusal fibers

56
Q

What is part of the muscle spindle itself?

A

Intrafusal fibers

57
Q

What innervates the muscle spindles?

A

Gamma Motor Neurons

58
Q

What helps maintain the length of the muscle?

A

Gamma Motor Neurons

59
Q

What make of the majority of the muscle?

A

Extrafusal Fibers

60
Q

What innervates the muscle itself to cause contraction?

A

Extrafusal Fibers

61
Q

What reflex can go straight from an afferent signal to a efferent signal?

A

Stretch Reflex

62
Q

What is the goal of the Golgi Tendon Reflex?

A

Relaxation of the tendon

63
Q

What is the stimulus for the golgi tendon reflex?

A

Tension

64
Q

No interneuron?

A

Monosynaptic

65
Q

Inhibitory Neuron?

A

Polysynaptic

66
Q

What responds to the pain?

A

Nociceptors

67
Q

Binds to the receptor and causes some action?

A

Agonist

68
Q

Binds to the receptor and cause nothing (blocker)?

A

Antagonist

69
Q

What is pupillary constriction?

A

Parasympathetic

70
Q

What is pupillary dilation?

A

Sympathetic

71
Q

Constrictor Muscles contain what receptors?

A

Muscarinic

72
Q

Dilator muscles are what receptors?

A

Alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors

73
Q

What is atropine?

A

Muscarinic antagonist

74
Q

What is Betaxolol?

A

Beta 1 antagonist

75
Q

What is miosis?

A

A pupillary constriction

76
Q

What is mydriasis?

A

A Pupillary Dilation

Bio 264 -- Modules 8,9,10 (1 decks)

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