Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 1 Final Exam > Metabolism - Nutrition > Flashcards

Metabolism - Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What does CAM mean?

A

Complementary and Alternative Medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the major characteristics of CAM?

A

— Considered outside the mainstream of healthcare
— Diverse set of therapies and healing systems
— Major characteristics
— — Treat each person as individual
— — Consider healthcare of whole individual
— — Emphasize integration of mind and body
— — Promote disease prevention, self-care, self-healing
— — Recognize role of spirituality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some examples of herbal supplements?

A

Garlic
Soy
St John’s wort
Cranberry
Ginseng
Bilberry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Characteristics of active ingredients in herbs?

A
  • Usually found only in specific part of the plant
  • May have multiple active ingredients, unlike most modern drugs.
  • Potency can depend on where herb was grown or how it was grown or harvested.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DIetary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA)

A
  • Regulatory act for dietary supplements
  • Less rigid than the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Ac (FD&C Act)
  • Dietary supplements are exempted from FD&C Act standards
  • Gives Food and Drug Administration power to remove products considered to be harmful.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DSHEA Weaknesses

A
  • Not necessary to demonstrate effectiveness prior to marketing
  • Manufacturer not required to prove safety
  • Labels not monitored for accuracy in product amounts or claims of benefits of products.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

FD&C Act definition of Dietary supplements?

A

Products intended to enhance or supplement the diet
- Botanicals
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Metabolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Dietary supplement and nonprescription drug consumer protection act (2007)

A

Companies must
- Include contact information on product labels for reporting adverse events
- Notify the FDA of any serious adverse event reports within 15 days of receiving such reports
- Keep extensive records on reports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

FDA rules for dietary supplements?

A

Manufactures of dietary supplements required to evaluate the identity, purity, potency, and composition of their products and report on label.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Natural substitutes vs prescription?

A
  • Some active chemicals are the same as in prescription and OTC medications
  • Substituting alternative therapy for established medical treatment may prolong condition.
  • Can have allergic reactions - start w/ small dose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What must be done before a patient takes herbs?

A

Obtain patient’s health history to prevent drug-herb interactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What should the patient be educated on for CAM?

A
  • Strengths and weaknesses of CAM
  • Encourage patients to seek information from reputable sources
  • Tell pregnant/lactating women never to take supplements without approval from healthcare provider
  • Ensure patient’s understanding of uses and limitations of CAM
  • Encourage skepticism of claims on manufacturing labels
  • Never condemn patient’s desire to use alternative therapies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What medications interact with Feverfew, Garlic, Ginger, Gingko?

A
  • Aspirin
  • Heparin
  • NSAIDs
  • Warfarin
  • Any anticoagulants
  • Results in possible increased bleeding risk
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interactions with Garlic and Ginseng?

A
  • Insulin
  • Oral hypoglycemics
  • Results in increased hypoglycemic effects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Interactions with Ginkgo?

A
  • Anticovulsants - decreased effectiveness
  • Tricyclic antidepressants - decreased seizure threshold
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Interactions with CNS depressants?

A
  • Herbs that interact:
    — Ginseng
    — St John’s wort
    — Valerian
  • Results in increased sedative effect
17
Q

What vitamins can the human body produce?

A

Human cells cannot produce vitamins
— Exception: Vitamin D
— Vitamins or provitamins must be supplied in diet
— Deficiency will result in disease

18
Q

What are RDAs, and what are they?

A

Recommended Dietary Allowances
— Minimum amount of a vitamin needed to prevent symptoms of deficiency
— Need for vitamins and minerals varies among individuals
— Supplements should never substitute for healthy diet

19
Q

Roles of Vitamin B, A, D, and K?

A

Vitamin B Complex: Coenzymes essential to metabolic processes
Vitamin A: Precursor of retinal (pigment needed for normal vision).
Vitamin D: Regulates calcium metabolism
Vitamin K: Needed to produce prothrombin

20
Q

What are some symptoms of deficiency?

A
  • Usually nonspecific; occur over prolonged period
  • Often result of certain factors
    — — Poverty, fad diets
    — — Chronic alcohol or drug abuse
    — — Prolonged parenteral feeding
  • Patients often present with multiple deficiencies
    — — poor nutritional intake
    — — pregnancy
    — — Chronic disease states
21
Q

Lipid-soluble vitamins

A
  • Must be ingested with lipids to be absorbed in small intestine.
  • Excess stored in liver and adipose tissue
    — Can be removed from storage areas and used as needed.
  • Excessive intake can lead to dangerously high levels.
22
Q

Where can Vitamin A be obtained?

A

From foods containing carotenes.

23
Q

Where can Vitamin D be obtained?

A
  • D2 (ergocalciferol) - from dairy products
  • D3 - from ultraviolet light
24
Q

Where can Vitamin E (Tocoperols) be obtained?

A
  • Found in plant-seed oils, whole-grain cereals, eggs, certain organ meats
  • Primary antioxidant
25
Q

Where can Vitamin K be obtained?

A

mixture of several chemicals.
- K1 - obtained from plant sources
- K2 - Obtained from microbial flora in colon
- Needed for clotting.

26
Q

What to teach patients about fat-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Teach patient that excessive vitamin intake can be harmful.
  • Assess for deficiency.
  • Assess for impaired liver function.
  • Assess for chronic overdose of vitamins.
  • Vitamin K - Deficient w/ antibiotic use.
  • Consider socioeconomic status and culture of patient
    — Recommend foods that treat deficiency.
27
Q

Which vitamins are lipid-soluble?

A

Vitamin A, D, E, K.

28
Q

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

A

Vitamin C, B complex.

29
Q

Water soluble vitamins.

A

— Absorbed with water in digestive tract
— Easily dissolved in blood and body fluids
— Excess cannot be stored
- Excreted in urine
- Must be ingested daily

30
Q

Deficiencies in water-soluble vitamins?

A
  • Cyanocobalamin (B12) deficiency can cause pernicious or megaloblastic anemia
  • Deficiencies of riboflavin (B2), folic acid (B9), pyridoxine (B6)
    — — Indicate need for pharmacotherapy with water-soluble vitamins
    — — Folic acid (B9), needed in pregnancy for neural tube development, chronic alcohol intake
31
Q

Water-soluble vitamin therapy.

A
  • Thiamine administered for hospitalized patients with severe liver disease.
  • Niacin and pyridoxine may cause severe flushing
  • Recommended multivitamin to avoid overdose
    -Caution patients with history of kidney stones against using Vitamin C
  • Advise patients taking vitamin C to increase fluid intake
  • Water solution vitamins are not stored in the body - must be replenished.
32
Q

What are minerals?

A
  • Inorganic substances
  • Very small amounts needed to maintain normal metabolism
  • Constitute 4% of body weight
  • Can be obtained from normal diet
  • Excess minerals can be toxic.
33
Q

What are Macrominerals?

A
  • Seven major (Macro) minerals.
    — Calcium, chlorine, magnesium, phosphorus,
    — Potassium, sodium, sulfur
  • Must be obtained daily from dietary sources in amounts of 100mg or greater.
  • Nine trace (micro) minerals
    — Include iron, iodine, fluorine, and zinc
  • Required daily amount is 20 mg or less.
34
Q

Macromineral therapy for calcium?

A
  • For mineral deficiencies or eclampsia
  • Large doses can cause life-threatening adverse effects
  • Encourage well-balanced diet
  • If calcium prescribed
    — — Inform healthcare provider of use of glucocorticoids, thiazide diuretics, tetracyclines
    — — Avoid zinc-rich foods, which impair calcium absorption
    — — Need sun exposure 15-20 minutes/day to activate
35
Q

Macromineral therapy for phosphorus?

A
  • Immediately report seizure activity; stop drug
  • Avoid antacids
36
Q

Macromineral therapy for Magnesium sulfate?

A

Report immediately if:
- Changes in consciousness, deep tendon reflexes
- Thirst, confusion

37
Q

Macromineral therapy for Iron?

A

Take with vitamin C to increase absorption.

Pharm 1 Final Exam (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions