Metabolism - I Flashcards
what is metabolism
the total of all chemical reactions in a cell
first and second law of thermodynamics
1st law - energy cannot be created or destroyed
2nd law - the entropy of the universe is always increasing
how do biological entities get their energy ? overcome entropy ?
get energy - by ingesting nutrients that make energy
overcome entropy - take in energy and then use that energy to make complex molecules (increases order)
if a cell reaction decreases entropy / increase order what happens to deltaG
delta G more positive ~ endergonic and non spont
if a cell reaction increases entropy / descreases order what happens to deltaG
delta G more negative ~ exergonic and spont
for exergonic reactions what is deltaG? K?
delta G = negative
K > 1
for endergonic reactions what is deltaG? K?
delta G = positive
K < 1
K > 1 is _____
catabolic
K < 1 is _____
anabolic
how do cells push endergonic (+ deltaG) reactions to proceed
they pair them with exergonic resctions
* usually ATP hydrolysis (ATP -> ADP)
how do cells generate ATP for ATP hydrolysis
oxidative phosphorylation
~ respiration
~ fermentation
what is a redox reaction
involved reduction + oxidation reactions
LEO GER
describe oxidation vs reduction
oxidation - lose electrons
~ gain O2
~ removed H
reduction - gains electrons
~ loses O2
~ adds H
a positive deltaE give what deltaG value?
-delta G
a negative deltaE give what deltaG value?
+ deltaG
redox reactions can combine to produce _______ , why are these embedded in membranes?
ETC
embedded to keep them close to one another & transfer e
- generates gradient
in the ETC describe the order of deltaE values
more negative values at the beginning of the chain / + at end
what are 3 soluble electron carriers
- NADH -> NAD+
- NADPH -> NADP+
- FADH2 -> FAD+
can enzymes change the equilibrium point of a reaction?
NO just can speed the reaction up
how to name a nutritional type (order)
energy - electrons - carbon source
photolithoautotroph
energy source: light
electron source: inorganic
carbon source: CO2
photoorganoheterotroph
energy source: light
electron source: organic
carbon source: organic carbon
chemolithoautoroph
energy source: inorganic chemicals
electron source: inorganic
carbon source: CO2
chemolithoheterotroph
energy source: inorganic chemicals
electron source: inorganic
carbon source: organic carbon
chemoorganoheterotroph
energy source: organic chemicals
electron source: organic
carbon source: organic carbon
