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Molecules in Medical Science > Metabolism control points > Flashcards

Metabolism control points Flashcards

1
Q

What are the control points for glycolysis?

A
  1. Transport of glucose into cell (muscle)
  2. Hexokinase (muscle), glucokinase (liver)
  3. Phosphofructokinase 1
  4. Pyruvate kinase
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2
Q

What are the regulators of glucose transport into cells?

A

Insulin (via GluT4 transporters)

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3
Q

What are the regulators of phosphofructokinase 1?

A

Intracellular:

  1. AMP +
  2. F2,6BP + (liver, cardiac muscle)
  3. F6P +
  4. ATP -
  5. Citrate -

Extracellular:

  1. Adrenaline +/-
  2. Insulin +/-
  3. Glucagon -
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4
Q

What are the regulators of F2,6BP synthesis?

A
  • Insulin promotes dephosphorylation of PFK2/FBPase 2 complex. Activates liver PFK2.
  • Glucagon promotes phosphorylation of PFK2/FBPase complex. Deactivates liver PFK2.
  • Adrenaline promotes phosphorylation of PFK2/FBPase complex. Activates cardiac PFK2 and deactivates liver PFK2.
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5
Q

What are the regulators of pyruvate kinase?

A
  1. G6P +
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6
Q

What are the control points for gluconeogenesis?

A
  1. Glucose 6-phosphotase
  2. FBPase 1
  3. Pyruvate carboxylase
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7
Q

What are the regulators of glucose 6-phosphotase?

A
  1. Compartmentation into ER
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8
Q

What are the regulators of FBPase 1?

A
  1. AMP -
  2. F2,6BP -
  3. ATP
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9
Q

What are the regulators of pyruvate carboxylase?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA +
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10
Q

What are the control points for glycogen metabolism?

A
  1. Glycogen synthase
  2. Glycogen phosphorylase
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11
Q

What are the regulators of glycogen synthase?

A
  1. G6P +
  2. Phosphorylation (via PKA/GSK) -
  3. Dephosphorylation (via protein phosphotase 1) +
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12
Q

What are the regulators of glycogen phosphorylase?

A
  1. AMP +
  2. Ca2+ +
  3. G6P -
  4. ATP -
  5. Phosphorylation (via phosphorylase kinase) +
  6. Dephosphorylation (via protein phosphotase 1) -
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13
Q

What are the regulators of phosphorylase kinase?

A
  1. PKA +
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14
Q

What are the control points for the link reaction?

A
  1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
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15
Q

What are the regulators of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A
  1. Phosphorylation (via PDH kinase) -
  2. Dephosphorylation (via PDH phosphotase) +
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16
Q

What are the regulators of PDH kinase?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA +
  2. ATP +
  3. NADH +
  4. Pyruvate -
17
Q

What are the regulators of PDH phosphotase?

A
  1. Ca2+ +
  2. Insulin (liver, adipose) +
18
Q

What are the control points for the CAC?

A
  1. Citrate synthase
  2. Isocitrate dehydrogenase
  3. α-ketoglutatate dehydrogenase
19
Q

What are the regulators of citrate synthase?

A
  1. ATP -
  2. Acetyl-CoA -
  3. NADH -
20
Q

What are the regulators of isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A
  1. ADP +
  2. Ca2+ +
  3. NADH -
  4. ATP -
21
Q

What are the regulators of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

A
  1. Ca2+ +
  2. Succinyl-CoA -
  3. NADH -
22
Q

What are the control points for β-oxidation?

A
  1. Hormone-sensitive TAG lipase
  2. Re-esterification of TAGs
  3. Carnitine shuttle
  4. NAD+ and FAD
23
Q

What are the regulators of hormone-sensitive TAG lipase?

A
  1. Phosphorylation (via PKA) +
  2. Dephosphorylation (via protein phosphotase) -
24
Q

What are the regulators of the carnitine shuttle?

A
  1. Malonyl-CoA -
25
Q

What are the control points for fatty acid synthesis?

A
  1. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
  2. Citrate shuttle
  3. TAG synthase
26
Q

What are the regulators of ACC?

A
  1. Citrate +
  2. Dephosphorylation (via protein phosphotase) +
  3. Acyl-CoA -
  4. Phosphorylation (via AMPK) -
27
Q

What are the regulators of AMPK?

A
  1. AMP +
  2. ATP -
28
Q

What are the regulators of the carnitine shuttle?

A
  1. Citrate +
  2. NADH +
  3. ATP +
  4. Ca2+ -
  5. ADP -
29
Q

What are the regulators of TAG synthase?

A
  1. Glucose +
  2. Insulin +

Molecules in Medical Science (15 decks)

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