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BC2002: Principles Of Metabolic Pathways > Metabolism & Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Metabolism & Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

Which ONE of the following systems synthesises all of its molecules from CO2?

A) Chemotrophs
B) Autotrophs
C) Heterotrophs
D) Mammalian
E) None of the above

A

A) Chemotrophs

(Could also be B)

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2
Q

If the ΔG0’ value of a biochemical reaction is 25 under standard conditions the reaction:

A) Is at equilibrium
B) Is endergonic
C) Proceeds in reverse
D) Is exergonic
E) Is inhibited

A

B) Is endergonic

∆G’0 is POSITIVE

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3
Q

Catabolic pathways are which of the following?

A) Reductive and divergent
B) Oxidative and convergent
C) Oxidative and divergent
D) Reductive and convergent
E) Reductive and oxidative

A

B) Oxidative and convergent

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4
Q

If the ΔG0’ of biochemical reaction 1 is +5 kJ/mol and a coupled reaction 2 has a ΔG0’ value of -8 kJ/mol, what is the overall ΔG0’ for this coupled reaction?

A) 13 kJ/mol
B) 3 kJ/mol
C) -3 kJ/mol
D) -13 kJ/mol
E) 10 kJ/mol

A

C) -3 kJ/mol

+5 kJ/mol + -8 kJ/mol = -3 kJ/mol

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5
Q

Which one of the following values is the nearest approximation of the ΔG0’ value for ATP hydrolysis & energy transfer?

A) -300 kJ/mol
B) -31 kJ/mol
C) -13 kJ/mol
D) -3000 kJ/mol
E) -30,000 kJ/mol

A

B) -31 kJ/mol

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6
Q

ATP consists of which of the following?

A) Guanine, 2 phosphates and a ribose
B) Adenine, 2 phosphates and a ribose
C) Adenine, 3 phosphates and a ribose
D) Cytosine, 3 phosphates and a ribose
E) None of the above

A

C) Adenine, 3 Phosphates and a Ribose

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7
Q

ATP is hydrolysed at which of the following bond types?

A) Phosphoanhydride
B) Thiol
C) Carboxylic acid anhydride
D) Phosphodiester
E) Hydroxide

A

A) Phosphoanhydride

Bonds between Phosphate groups

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8
Q

Which of the following components of NAD accepts a hydride ion?

A) The niacin ring
B) Adenine
C) The nicotinamide ring
D) Ribose
E) The dinucleotide

A

C) The nicotinamide ring

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9
Q

What happens in the following reaction AH2 + B –> A + BH2

A) A is reduced and B is oxidised
B) A is oxidised and B is reduced
C) Electrons are added to A
D) Electrons are removed from B
E) None of the above

A

B) A is oxidised and B is reduced

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10
Q

FAD is derived from which ONE of the following?

A) Vitamin E
B) Niacin
C) Nicotinamide
D) Acetyl-CoA
E) Riboflavin

A

E) Riboflavin

AKA. Vitamin B2

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11
Q

What is cellular metabolism?

A

All the chemical activities that support life in all cells and organsims

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12
Q

What is the source of energy for Chemotrophs?

A

Chemical

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13
Q

What is the source of energy for Heterotrophs?

A

Organic compounds

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14
Q

What is the source of energy for Phototrophs?

A

Sunlight

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15
Q

What is the source of energy for Autotrophs?

A

CO2

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16
Q

What is Catabolism?

A

Transforms fuel into energy from energy-containing nutrients

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17
Q

Is Catabolism Oxidative or Reductive?

A

Oxidative

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18
Q

Is Catabolism Convergent or Divergent?

A

Convergent

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19
Q

What is Anabolism?

A

Uses energy to synthesise macromolecules from precursor molecules

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20
Q

Is Anabolism Oxidative or Reductive?

A

Reductive

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21
Q

Is Anabolism Convergent or Divergent?

A

Divergent

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22
Q

What is the Metabolome?

A

All the metabolites in a cell or system

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23
Q

What is Metabolomics?

A

Systemic characteristics of the metabolome, including under specific conditions

24
Q

What diseases have defective metabolism?

A
  • Diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Neurodegeneration
  • Heart Disease
  • Infection
  • Inflammation
  • Immunological Dysfunction
25
Q

What is Bioenergetics?

A

Quantitive study of energy transductions in living cells / organisms / systems

26
Q

How are changes in energy measured in biological systems?

A

Gibb’s Free Energy (∆G’0)

27
Q

What is an Exergonic reaction?

A

If ∆G’0 is negative the reaction CAN spontaneously occur

28
Q

What is an Endergonic reaction?

A

If ∆G’0 is positive the reaction CAN’T occur spontaneously

29
Q

What equation shows how the change in free energy (∆G’0) relates to the equilibrium constant (Keq) of a reaction?

A

∆G’0 = -RTlnK’eq

30
Q

Which direction does a reaction go if K’eq is > 1.0 and ∆G’0 is negative?

A

Forward

31
Q

Which direction does a reaction go if K’eq is 1.0 and ∆G’0 is zero?

A

At equilibrium

32
Q

Which direction does a reaction go if K’eq is < 1.0 and ∆G’0 is positive?

A

Reverse

33
Q

What are the units of ∆G’0?

A

kJ/mol

34
Q

Approx. how much energy is released by complete oxidation of Glucose?

A

~ 2840 kJ/mol

35
Q

Approx. how much energy is released by complete oxidation of Palmitate?

A

~ 9,770 kJ/mol

36
Q

Where in the cell is ATP synthesised?

A

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

37
Q

Why is ATP a high energy compound?

A

Strong negative charges between Phosphate groups that repel each other

38
Q

What is the synthesis of ATP in the presence of oxygen called?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

39
Q

What are some examples of life processes that ATP is essential for?

A
  • Cell division
  • Biomolecule synthesis
  • Muscle contraction
  • Transcription
  • Translation
  • Cell signalling
40
Q

What is the major reaction type responsible for cell work?

A

Oxidation / Reduction

41
Q

What is the difference between Oxidation and Reduction?

A

Oxidation - loss of electrons
Reduction - gain electrons

42
Q

What is EMF?

A

Electron Motive Force

The transfer of electrons

43
Q

Does EMF relate to ∆G’0?

A

∆G’0 directly relates to the number of electrons transferred in a metabolic reaction

∆G’0 = -nF∆E0
n = number of electrons transferred

44
Q

How are electrons transferred in biological systems?

A

Through intermediate biomolecules called Electron Carriers to the final electron acceptor, O2

45
Q

What are the FOUR main ways that electrons are transferred in biological systems?

A
  1. Directly
  2. As hydrogen atoms
  3. As hydride ions
  4. By direct combination of organic reductants with O2
46
Q

Why are Dehydrogenase enzymes important?

A

They remove hydrogen atoms in oxidations in catabolism

47
Q

What does Alcohol Dehydrogenase do?

A

Oxidises ethanol from an alcohol to an aldehyde

48
Q

What are the names of the major electron carriers in the cell?

A
  • NAD
  • NADP
  • FAD
  • FMN
49
Q

What are the components of NAD?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

Two nucleotides joined together through their phosphate groups

50
Q

What is NAD derived from?

A

Niacin

AKA. Vitamin B3

51
Q

Which metabolic pathway does NAD generally function in?

A

Catabolism

52
Q

Which metabolic pathway does NADP generally function in?

A

Anabolism

53
Q

What disease can lack of the NAD precursor cause?

A

Pellagra

Characterised by Dermatitis, Diarrhea, and Dementia

54
Q

How does NAD work to accept and donate electrons?

A

Works with dehydrogenase enzymes to carry electrons

55
Q

What is the difference between NAD and NADP?

A

NADP has an extra phosphate group

56
Q

What is the difference between FAD and FMN?

A

FAD contains 2 nucleotides
FMN contains one nucleotide

FAD - Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
FMN - Flavin Mononucleotide

57
Q

How does FAD / FMN work?

A

Isoalloxazine ring accepts 1 or 2 electrons to form hydrogen atoms

BC2002: Principles Of Metabolic Pathways (6 decks)

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