Metabolism Flashcards
total of all physical and chemical reaction in which the body builds itself and maintains itself, and by which it breaks down substances for the production of energy.
metabolism
principle circulating sugar in the blood and the majoor energy source of the body
glucose
produced as intermediate products of fat metabolism
ketone bodies
a byproduct of glucose and glycogen metabolism in anaerobic muscle energetics
lactic acid
24 different building blocks of protein
amino acid
any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils
fatty acid
the building up of complex compounds from simpler compounds (e.g. amino acids forming proteins)
anabolism
breaking down of complex chemical compounds to simpler chemical compounds (e.g. proteins to amino acids)
catabolism
the base rate of metabolism the body seeks to maintain
metabolic set point
the minimum amount of energy required by metabolism to sustain life; expressed in calorie/hr/sq m of body surface
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
the tendency of foodstuffs to produce energy as heat
thermic effect
unit of energy/heat; the amount of heat needed to warm 1g of water 1 degree celsius
calorie
unit of energy used in nutrition studies; =1000 calories; represented by “C”
kilocalorie
way to measure the mix of “fuel” used by the body; aka how much fat, protein, and carbs are being burned for energy
RQ (Respiratory Quotient)
how easily a food is converted to body weight; high efficiency means it is easily converted and vice versa
food efficiency
the more heat liberated from a food, the more oxygen is required; the higher the metabolic rate
what is the relationship between thermogenesis and oxygen?
chemical act of combing with oxygen or removing hydrogen
oxidation
- Strength/power: 0-3 sec mx effort, immediate ATP stores, e.g. powerlift
- Sustained power: 0-10 sec near max effort; ATP/CP stores; e.g. sprints
- Anaerobic power/endurance: ATP, CP, and Lactic acid, 1-2 mins; e.g 400m
- Aerobic Endurance: oxidative, over 2 mins
what are the 4 basic groups of physical activities based on the energy systems used to sustain them?
organic compound found in muscle which releases energy when broken down
ATP
high energy phosphate molecule which lends a phosphate (Pi) molecule to ADT to replenish lost ATPs
Creatine Phosphate
muscle fatigue
Anaerobic threshold
anaerobic energy pathway wherein glycogen/glucose (aka CARBS) is broken down to produce more ATP and lactic acid as a waste product
glycolytic pathway
chemical process that converts lactate and pyruvate back into glucose
gluconeogensis
sugar (or glucose) stored in muscle
glycogen
glucose for emergency energy is synthesized from protein and glycerol in fats which is “muscle-wasting”; why ATP athletes should avoid undue aerobic exercise
What happens when glycogen levels drop too low in the glycolytic pathway?
oxygen combines with lactic acid to resynthesize glycogen
what is the oxidative pathway?
epithelial, muscle, connective, and nervous tissue
what are the 4 types of tissue
amount of energy (calories) required to sustain vital life processes at rest
RMR (Resting MEtabolic Rate)
breaking down fats for energy
beta oxidation
a by product of glycolysis; mostly directly converted to lactic acid
pyruvate
citric acid cycle; 8 reactions, free energy is recovered in the form of ATP; one of the Oxidative pathways
Krebbs Cycle
transporting of electrons across a membrane; aiding in a reaction to recover free energy in the form of ATP
Electron Transport Chain
-glycogen/glucose depletion
-fatty acid depletion
-lactic acid buildup
-decrease in blood ph
oxygen depletion
Causes of Athletic Fatigue
can be 1. burned as energy
- stored as fat
- excreted
what happens to food that you eat?
from Glucose- 2
from Glycogen- 3
how many ATP molecules are made in the Glycolyic energy path?
skeletal and muscular
movement is the result of what 2 body systems
206
how many bones in an adult
80 bones, skull, spine, ribs and sternum
What is the axial skeleton
bones, joints, muscle, connective tissue
what 4 components does the musculoskeletal system consist of
flat bones: protection e.g scapular, sternum
long bones: structural support e.g. tibia, femur
short bones: shock absorption e.g. carpals and tarsals in hand
sesamoid bones: protection/mechanical advantage e.g. patella
irregular bones: variety e.g vertebrae
what are the 5 categroes of bones and their function
joint= btween 2 bones
tendon=bone and muscle (TENDERIZE muscle)
what’s the difference btwn a joint and tendon?
synarthodial- no cavity/movement, such as is the skull
diarthrodial - has cavity and allows movement
describe the two types of joints
ellipsoid- pivot- neck saddle- thumb hinge- elbow, ankle, knee ball and socket- shoulder, hip gliding
6 types of joints and example
cardiac, smooth, skeletal
name the 3 types of muscle tissue
600
how many muscles are there
microfilaments that allow muslce to contract (myosin is thick and slides over actin)
What are actin and myosin?
the idea that muscle fibers cannot partially contract
what is the “All or None” theory?
motor units are recruited in order of their firing rate, depending on what is necessary
what is the size principle?
1.
list 3 effects of resistance exercise
