Metabolism Flashcards
Metabolism
All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism
-produces energy
Catabolism
“breaking down” breakdown of organic molecules
-releases energy
Anabolism
“building up” synthesis of new organic molecules
-requires energy
List some general reasons why cells need energy
1) metabolic turnover (cellular maintenance and repair)
2) growth and cell division
3) specialized processes (secretion, contraction, active transport, etc)
4) storage of nutrient reserves
Write the summary equations (in words or chemical notation) for photosynthesis and glucose metabolism.
Photosynthesis:
6H2O+ 6CO2+ light energy -> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Glucose metabolism (break down)
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6H20+ 6CO2+ energy
Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Glycolysis
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Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Acetyl-CoA formation
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Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Citric Acid Cycle
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Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Electron transport chain
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Describe the locations in the cell where glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain occur.
c
Trace the 6 carbon atoms from a single glucose molecule, and how they are broken down from glucose to pyruvate, then to CO2 and an acetyl group, then combined with a 4-carbon molecule in the mitochondria to form citric acid, and ultimately broken down to release more CO2.
c
Describe the role of NADH and FADH2 produced by the citric acid cycle.
c
Describe the formation and function of the H+ gradient (in the intermembrane space of mitochondria)
c
Describe the role of oxygen in glucose metabolism (i.e., why must this be an aerobic process?)
c
If there is not enough oxygen present, describe what other processes would occur after glycolysis
c
Why must lactate fermentation occur after glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? (Why not just “stop” at the end of glycolysis?)
c
Describe how lipids can be used as an energy source (lipolysis) or for energy storage (lipogenesis)
cc
Describe how lipolysis can result in ketosis, and possible ketoacidosis (and how this pH shift might affect your respiratory or renal systems…!)
cc
Describe the role of lipoprotein lipase.
Figure 25-8
Briefly describe the role of LDL and HDL cholesterol in the body (and why we’re advised to try to “keep the high (HDL) high and the low (LDL) low”).
c
Define/describe the following terms related to protein metabolism: transamination, deamination, and “essential amino acid”.
c
Describe the roles of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels.
c
Define/describe the following terms relating to the conversion of glucose: glucogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, plus lipogenesis and lipolysis.
c
Compare and contrast the absorptive and post-absorptive states. You might want to include a general description of each, the timing (relative to the time since your last meal), and the key hormone(s) of each. (I find it helpful to try to understand why each hormone would be important for each state, rather than simply trying to memorize a list of hormones…)
cc
Describe the role of TH in the regulation of metabolic rate and heat production
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Describe the role of leptin in appetite regulation.
c
Identify the following chemicals as either stimulating appetite or signaling satiety: ghrelin, CCK, leptin, insulin, melanocortin, NPY
check neurotransmitter assignment - lecture assignment #2
Describe how cellular respiration can generate heat, and explain why this “heat” is important (…until it gets too high!).
c