Metabolism

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

All the chemical reactions that occur in an organism

-produces energy

Question 2

Catabolism

Answer 2

“breaking down” breakdown of organic molecules

-releases energy

Question 3

Anabolism

Answer 3

“building up” synthesis of new organic molecules

-requires energy

Question 4

List some general reasons why cells need energy

Answer 4

1) metabolic turnover (cellular maintenance and repair)
2) growth and cell division
3) specialized processes (secretion, contraction, active transport, etc)
4) storage of nutrient reserves

Question 5

Write the summary equations (in words or chemical notation) for photosynthesis and glucose metabolism.

Answer 5

Photosynthesis:
6H2O+ 6CO2+ light energy -> C6H12O6+ 6O2
Glucose metabolism (break down)
C6H12O6+6O2-> 6H20+ 6CO2+ energy

Question 6

Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Glycolysis

Answer 6

come back to this

Question 7

Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Acetyl-CoA formation

Answer 7

come back to this

Question 8

Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 8

come back to this

Question 9

Describe the systematic breakdown of glucose that allows us to produce large quantities of ATP : Electron transport chain

Answer 9

come back to this

Question 10

Describe the locations in the cell where glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain occur.

Answer 10

c

Question 11

Trace the 6 carbon atoms from a single glucose molecule, and how they are broken down from glucose to pyruvate, then to CO2 and an acetyl group, then combined with a 4-carbon molecule in the mitochondria to form citric acid, and ultimately broken down to release more CO2.

Answer 11

c

Question 12

Describe the role of NADH and FADH2 produced by the citric acid cycle.

Answer 12

c

Question 13

Describe the formation and function of the H+ gradient (in the intermembrane space of mitochondria)

Answer 13

c

Question 14

Describe the role of oxygen in glucose metabolism (i.e., why must this be an aerobic process?)

Answer 14

c

Question 15

If there is not enough oxygen present, describe what other processes would occur after glycolysis

Answer 15

c

Question 16

Why must lactate fermentation occur after glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? (Why not just “stop” at the end of glycolysis?)

Answer 16

c

Question 17

Describe how lipids can be used as an energy source (lipolysis) or for energy storage (lipogenesis)

Answer 17

cc

Question 18

Describe how lipolysis can result in ketosis, and possible ketoacidosis (and how this pH shift might affect your respiratory or renal systems…!)

Answer 18

cc

Question 19

Describe the role of lipoprotein lipase.

Answer 19

Figure 25-8

Question 20

Briefly describe the role of LDL and HDL cholesterol in the body (and why we’re advised to try to “keep the high (HDL) high and the low (LDL) low”).

Answer 20

c

Question 21

Define/describe the following terms related to protein metabolism: transamination, deamination, and “essential amino acid”.

Answer 21

c

Question 22

Describe the roles of insulin and glucagon in regulating blood glucose levels.

Answer 22

c

Question 23

Define/describe the following terms relating to the conversion of glucose: glucogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, plus lipogenesis and lipolysis.

Answer 23

c

Question 24

Compare and contrast the absorptive and post-absorptive states. You might want to include a general description of each, the timing (relative to the time since your last meal), and the key hormone(s) of each. (I find it helpful to try to understand why each hormone would be important for each state, rather than simply trying to memorize a list of hormones…)

Answer 24

cc

Question 25

Describe the role of TH in the regulation of metabolic rate and heat production

Answer 25

c

Question 26

Describe the role of leptin in appetite regulation.

Answer 26

c

Question 27

Identify the following chemicals as either stimulating appetite or signaling satiety: ghrelin, CCK, leptin, insulin, melanocortin, NPY

Answer 27

check neurotransmitter assignment - lecture assignment #2

Question 28

Describe how cellular respiration can generate heat, and explain why this “heat” is important (…until it gets too high!).

Answer 28

c