Metabolism

Question 1

What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins?

Answer 1

A,D,E,K

Question 2

Scurvy

Answer 2

Vitamin C Deficiency.

Characterized by increased bleeding, pitichiae, and lose teeth with receding gums.

Question 3

Rickets, Osteomalasia

Answer 3

Vitamin D deficiency

Characterized by pigeon chest, bowed limbs, dwarfism, shortening of radius and ulna.

Question 4

Beri beri

Answer 4

Thiamin deficiency

2 Classes: Wet and Dry
Wet: Opthalmoplasia, dyspnea, edema, enlargement of right heart
Dry: Wrist and foot drop, leg weakness, emaciation

Question 5

Pellagra

Answer 5

Niacin deficiency

Chacterized by skin inflammation (especially in those in sunlight), diarrhea, sores in mouth

Question 6

2 common diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies

Answer 6

Glossitis

Angular Stomatitis

Question 7

What are the 2 types of Niacin

Answer 7

Nicotinamide

Nicotinic Acid

Question 8

What do high and correctNicotinic Acid levels do?

Answer 8

High 2-4 g: Niacin Flush. Itchy skin, liver damage, skin flush
Correct 1.3-3 g: Lower LDL and Higher HDL

Question 9

Which drug, used to treat TB can lead to Vitamin B6 deficiency

Answer 9

Isoniazid

Question 10

Which two vitamins have connected consequences with deficiencies?

Answer 10

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

Question 11

Sideroblastic Anemia

Answer 11

Caused by rare Vitamin B6 deficiency. See Slide

Question 12

Which Vitamin Deficiency causes Spina Bifida?

Answer 12

Folic Acid

Question 13

Which system does Vitamin A deficiency affect most

Answer 13

Vision: Low absorbance of green light, night blindness, total blindness

Question 14

What do Acute, Chronic, and Fetal high levels of Vitamin A do?

Answer 14

Acute: Upset GI, headache, blurred vision
Chronic: Dermatitis, Hair loss, Hemorrhages, Toxic Liver, Death
Teratogenic: Fetal Malformations

Question 15

Microetyic Anemia is caused by what deficiency?

Answer 15

Vitamin A and Folic Acid

Question 16

What else in the body “can” be converted into vitamin A?

Answer 16

B-Carotenoids

Question 17

Which Populations need Vitamin K supplements?

Answer 17

Newborns

Those on anticoagulants

Question 18

Which foods help to absorb Minerals?

Answer 18

Phytates: Whole grains
Oxalates: Spinach (other veggies)

Question 19

Which minerals are completely absorbed?

Answer 19

Na, K, Se, Cl, Mg

Question 20

What has the best source of minerals?

Answer 20

Animal Products

Question 21

What are phytochemicals?

Answer 21

Non-nutritive molecules found in plants that have biological activity.

Question 22

What can combining antioxidants do?

Answer 22

Turn one of the antioxidants into an oxidant of another antioxidant.

Question 23

What is the difference between RBC using glucose and the Brain?

Answer 23

RBC can only do anaerobic glycolysis. This converts glucose to Lactate which can then be used to synthesize glucose in gluconeogenesis. The brain uses glucose aerobically and loses the glucose as CO2.

Question 24

Which hormone breaks muscle protein during extreme fasting?

Answer 24

Cortisol

Question 25

Extended fasting can be characterized by what?

Answer 25

No liver glycogen

Question 26

What is indicative of early fasting?

Answer 26

Liver still has glycogen stores, but glucagon levels are higher than insulin.

Question 27

What is a state of slight low blood sugar called?

Answer 27

Sub-Euglycemic

Question 28

Do muscle cells use glycogen in the presence of glucagon in fasting?

Answer 28

No, they have no glucagon receptors. Their receptors are inhibited by ATP and turned on by ADP and AMP

Question 29

Can Acetyl CoA be used in gluconeogenesis? Why or why not?

Answer 29

No, Acetyl CoA has to go through the entire Krebs cycle before it become Oxaloacetate (the precursor to gluconeogenesis). By the time it makes its way around there wouldn’t be enough carbons left to donate and make glucose.

Question 30

Which is mechanism of energy is easy for cellular functions: glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis?

Answer 30

Glycogenolysis

Question 31

What are the pre-cursors of gluconeogenesis?

Answer 31

Lactate, Amino Acids, Glycerol

Question 32

What begins glycogenolysis in the liver and what are the enzymes and intermediates needed for the process?

Answer 32

Presence of glucagon Glycogen — Glucose 1-phosphate — Glucose 6-phosphate — Glucose Phophorylase. Glucose 6-Phosphotase

Question 33

What can send glucose into the blood stream from glycogen stores?

Answer 33

The liver. Not skeletal muscle! No G6Pase to change G6P to glucose

Question 34

In adipose tissue which hormone actives TAG breakdown?

Answer 34

Glucagon actives TAG Lipase

Question 35

Which two indicators show fasting state?

Answer 35

Increased Glucagon | Decreased glucose

Question 36

Which factors influence whether a skeletal muscle will perform aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 36

O2 and # of mitochondria

Question 37

What activates PFK1 in Adipose, Skeletal Muscle, and the liver

Answer 37

Liver and adipose: insulin | Skeletal muscle: Increased ADP and AMP levels

Question 38

What is the difference between Chylomicrons and VLDL?

Answer 38

Chylomicrons are from the gut and have dietary fat. VLDL are from the liver and have synthesized fat.

Question 39

What are the pathways that lead from G6P? Which tissues have which pathways?

Answer 39

Glycogenesis, Pentose Shunt, Glycolysis Skeletal muscle: glycogenesis Adipose: glycolysis and pentose shunt Live: glycolysis, pentose shunt, glycogenesis

Question 40

DHAP can isomer is into what 3 intermediates?

Answer 40

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Glycerol 3-phosphate

Question 41

To take in glucose in adipose cells, what is needed?

Answer 41

Insulin

Question 42

What two things does fatty acid synthase need to make FA?

Answer 42

Malonyl CoA | NADPH

Question 43

From HMG-CoA explain the cholesterol pathway

Answer 43

HMG-CoA Reductase is used to turn HMG-CoA into mevalonate and then cholesterol which acts as a negative feedback inhibitor to shut off its own reductase

Question 44

What limits the amount of Acetyl CoA entering the Krebs Cycle?

Answer 44

Amount of ATP

Question 45

What inhibits the amount of ribulose 5-phosphate being synthesized, and what is the pathway name?

Answer 45

The amount of free NADP+ in the cell, and the amount of G6P | Pentose Shunt

Question 46

What are two limiting factors to Glycogenesis?

Answer 46

Amount of glucose in the cell. | Amount of space in the cell to store glycogen

Question 47

High glucose and high insulin in a well fed liver lead to what 6 functions?

Answer 47

``` Glycogenolysis FA synthesis Lipogenesis Glycolysis Pentose shunt Cholesterol synthesis ```

Question 48

What are the 3 types of enzyme metabolic regulation

Answer 48

Genetic Regulation Covalent Modification Allosteric Regulation

Question 49

What is the name of the non-intermediate that insulin helps stimulate in hepatosyte glycolysis, and what is the name of the regulation?

Answer 49

Allosteric Regulation | Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate: Binds to second site. ATP in first site

Question 50

Which enzymes catalyze reversible phosphorylation?

Answer 50

Kinase and phosphotates

Question 51

Which enzymes and under what conditions prepare TG for transport?

Answer 51

In hypoglycemic conditions TG Lipase, DG Lipase, and Mg Lipase

Question 52

Besides forming FA what else does Malonyl CoA do?

Answer 52

It inhibits the carnitine shuttles so that newly synthesized FA are not shuttled into the mitochondria to be broken down.

Question 53

How do Hepatocytes get TG out of the cell?

Answer 53

VLDL

Question 54

Which enzyme creates Acetyl CoA in the cytoplasm? Why is it necessary? Does it require energy?

Answer 54

ATP-Citrate Lyase Acetyl CoA isn’t permeable in the membrane so it is converted into citrate and then a CoA is added in the cytoplasm using ATP

Question 55

What is added to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA?

Answer 55

Using Acetyl CoA Carboxylase CO2 and ATP are used with Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA.

Question 56

Besides Orally, what other two ways can you feed someone

Answer 56

Enteral: Using GI tubes Parenteral: via direct venous feeding

Question 57

What is Medical Nutrition Therapy?

Answer 57

It is supplying the body needed nutrients in forms it can handle.

Question 58

What is the difference between a serving and portion size?

Answer 58

A recommended amount vs the amount that you choose to eat.

Question 59

What % DV is considered high and low?

Answer 59

20% and 5%

Question 60

What is the ADA (American Diabetes Association) exchange system?

Answer 60

A plan that organizes foods into groups based on the macronutrients and energy content

Question 61

What is the DASH eating plan?

Answer 61

Made to battle hypertension. Increases fruit and veggies before grains. Increases K,Ca. Lowers NA

Question 62

What is an example of a food based and a nutrient based plan?

Answer 62

Food based: My Plate | Nutrient based: ADA exchange system

Question 63

The DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) is based on what 2 statistics

Answer 63

EAR what 50% of people consume | RDA: the EAR +- 2 SD or 97% of people

Question 64

What is AI and when is it used?

Answer 64

Adequate intake, it is used as a reference when EAR and RDA can’t be found

Question 65

What is the difference between the cytochromes on Complex lll and Complex lV?

Answer 65

Complex lll cytochromes are named B and c1 | Complex lV cytochromes are named a and a1 and have copper ions.

Question 66

In the ETC which complexes move H+, and how many do they each move?

Answer 66

Complex l: 4 Complex lll: 4 Complex lV: 2

Question 67

Cytochromes contain which component (explain it) to ensure that electrons move through it?

Answer 67

Heme. An iron molecule locked between prolines.

Question 68

How much ATP is made via the consumption of one Acetyl CoA?

Answer 68

10 7.5 NADH 1.5 FADH2 1 GTP

Question 69

What are the three enzymes of glycolysis that catalyze irreversible reactions?

Answer 69

Hexokinase Phosphofructose Kinase 1 (PFK 1) Pyruvate Kinase

Question 70

Why does the complete cycle of aerobic Glycolysis give a range of 30-32 ATP?

Answer 70

The 2 NADH that are synthesized in the cytoplasm during glycolysis have to be shuttled in via an FADH2 shuttle or NADH shuttle. If it attaches to FADH2 you only get 3 ATP and if it attaches to the NADH you get 5 ATP.