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Biochemistry > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Fat Soluble Vitamins?

A

A,D,E,K

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2
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C Deficiency.

Characterized by increased bleeding, pitichiae, and lose teeth with receding gums.

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3
Q

Rickets, Osteomalasia

A

Vitamin D deficiency

Characterized by pigeon chest, bowed limbs, dwarfism, shortening of radius and ulna.

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4
Q

Beri beri

A

Thiamin deficiency

2 Classes: Wet and Dry
Wet: Opthalmoplasia, dyspnea, edema, enlargement of right heart
Dry: Wrist and foot drop, leg weakness, emaciation

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5
Q

Pellagra

A

Niacin deficiency

Chacterized by skin inflammation (especially in those in sunlight), diarrhea, sores in mouth

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6
Q

2 common diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies

A

Glossitis

Angular Stomatitis

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of Niacin

A

Nicotinamide

Nicotinic Acid

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8
Q

What do high and correctNicotinic Acid levels do?

A

High 2-4 g: Niacin Flush. Itchy skin, liver damage, skin flush
Correct 1.3-3 g: Lower LDL and Higher HDL

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9
Q

Which drug, used to treat TB can lead to Vitamin B6 deficiency

A

Isoniazid

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10
Q

Which two vitamins have connected consequences with deficiencies?

A

Folic Acid and Vitamin B12

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11
Q

Sideroblastic Anemia

A

Caused by rare Vitamin B6 deficiency. See Slide

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12
Q

Which Vitamin Deficiency causes Spina Bifida?

A

Folic Acid

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13
Q

Which system does Vitamin A deficiency affect most

A

Vision: Low absorbance of green light, night blindness, total blindness

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14
Q

What do Acute, Chronic, and Fetal high levels of Vitamin A do?

A

Acute: Upset GI, headache, blurred vision
Chronic: Dermatitis, Hair loss, Hemorrhages, Toxic Liver, Death
Teratogenic: Fetal Malformations

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15
Q

Microetyic Anemia is caused by what deficiency?

A

Vitamin A and Folic Acid

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16
Q

What else in the body “can” be converted into vitamin A?

A

B-Carotenoids

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17
Q

Which Populations need Vitamin K supplements?

A

Newborns

Those on anticoagulants

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18
Q

Which foods help to absorb Minerals?

A

Phytates: Whole grains
Oxalates: Spinach (other veggies)

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19
Q

Which minerals are completely absorbed?

A

Na, K, Se, Cl, Mg

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20
Q

What has the best source of minerals?

A

Animal Products

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21
Q

What are phytochemicals?

A

Non-nutritive molecules found in plants that have biological activity.

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22
Q

What can combining antioxidants do?

A

Turn one of the antioxidants into an oxidant of another antioxidant.

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23
Q

What is the difference between RBC using glucose and the Brain?

A

RBC can only do anaerobic glycolysis. This converts glucose to Lactate which can then be used to synthesize glucose in gluconeogenesis. The brain uses glucose aerobically and loses the glucose as CO2.

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24
Q

Which hormone breaks muscle protein during extreme fasting?

A

Cortisol

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25
Q

Extended fasting can be characterized by what?

A

No liver glycogen

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26
Q

What is indicative of early fasting?

A

Liver still has glycogen stores, but glucagon levels are higher than insulin.

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27
Q

What is a state of slight low blood sugar called?

A

Sub-Euglycemic

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28
Q

Do muscle cells use glycogen in the presence of glucagon in fasting?

A

No, they have no glucagon receptors. Their receptors are inhibited by ATP and turned on by ADP and AMP

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29
Q

Can Acetyl CoA be used in gluconeogenesis? Why or why not?

A

No, Acetyl CoA has to go through the entire Krebs cycle before it become Oxaloacetate (the precursor to gluconeogenesis). By the time it makes its way around there wouldn’t be enough carbons left to donate and make glucose.

30
Q

Which is mechanism of energy is easy for cellular functions: glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis?

A

Glycogenolysis

31
Q

What are the pre-cursors of gluconeogenesis?

A

Lactate, Amino Acids, Glycerol

32
Q

What begins glycogenolysis in the liver and what are the enzymes and intermediates needed for the process?

A

Presence of glucagon
Glycogen — Glucose 1-phosphate — Glucose 6-phosphate — Glucose
Phophorylase. Glucose 6-Phosphotase

33
Q

What can send glucose into the blood stream from glycogen stores?

A

The liver. Not skeletal muscle! No G6Pase to change G6P to glucose

34
Q

In adipose tissue which hormone actives TAG breakdown?

A

Glucagon actives TAG Lipase

35
Q

Which two indicators show fasting state?

A

Increased Glucagon

Decreased glucose

36
Q

Which factors influence whether a skeletal muscle will perform aerobic or anaerobic glycolysis?

A

O2 and # of mitochondria

37
Q

What activates PFK1 in Adipose, Skeletal Muscle, and the liver

A

Liver and adipose: insulin

Skeletal muscle: Increased ADP and AMP levels

38
Q

What is the difference between Chylomicrons and VLDL?

A

Chylomicrons are from the gut and have dietary fat. VLDL are from the liver and have synthesized fat.

39
Q

What are the pathways that lead from G6P? Which tissues have which pathways?

A

Glycogenesis, Pentose Shunt, Glycolysis

Skeletal muscle: glycogenesis
Adipose: glycolysis and pentose shunt
Live: glycolysis, pentose shunt, glycogenesis

40
Q

DHAP can isomer is into what 3 intermediates?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glycerol 3-phosphate

41
Q

To take in glucose in adipose cells, what is needed?

A

Insulin

42
Q

What two things does fatty acid synthase need to make FA?

A

Malonyl CoA

NADPH

43
Q

From HMG-CoA explain the cholesterol pathway

A

HMG-CoA Reductase is used to turn HMG-CoA into mevalonate and then cholesterol which acts as a negative feedback inhibitor to shut off its own reductase

44
Q

What limits the amount of Acetyl CoA entering the Krebs Cycle?

A

Amount of ATP

45
Q

What inhibits the amount of ribulose 5-phosphate being synthesized, and what is the pathway name?

A

The amount of free NADP+ in the cell, and the amount of G6P

Pentose Shunt

46
Q

What are two limiting factors to Glycogenesis?

A

Amount of glucose in the cell.

Amount of space in the cell to store glycogen

47
Q

High glucose and high insulin in a well fed liver lead to what 6 functions?

A 
Glycogenolysis
FA synthesis
Lipogenesis
Glycolysis
Pentose shunt
Cholesterol synthesis
48
Q

What are the 3 types of enzyme metabolic regulation

A

Genetic Regulation
Covalent Modification
Allosteric Regulation

49
Q

What is the name of the non-intermediate that insulin helps stimulate in hepatosyte glycolysis, and what is the name of the regulation?

A

Allosteric Regulation

Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate: Binds to second site. ATP in first site

50
Q

Which enzymes catalyze reversible phosphorylation?

A

Kinase and phosphotates

51
Q

Which enzymes and under what conditions prepare TG for transport?

A

In hypoglycemic conditions TG Lipase, DG Lipase, and Mg Lipase

52
Q

Besides forming FA what else does Malonyl CoA do?

A

It inhibits the carnitine shuttles so that newly synthesized FA are not shuttled into the mitochondria to be broken down.

53
Q

How do Hepatocytes get TG out of the cell?

A

VLDL

54
Q

Which enzyme creates Acetyl CoA in the cytoplasm? Why is it necessary? Does it require energy?

A

ATP-Citrate Lyase
Acetyl CoA isn’t permeable in the membrane so it is converted into citrate and then a CoA is added in the cytoplasm using ATP

55
Q

What is added to Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA?

A

Using Acetyl CoA Carboxylase CO2 and ATP are used with Acetyl CoA to make Malonyl CoA.

56
Q

Besides Orally, what other two ways can you feed someone

A

Enteral: Using GI tubes
Parenteral: via direct venous feeding

57
Q

What is Medical Nutrition Therapy?

A

It is supplying the body needed nutrients in forms it can handle.

58
Q

What is the difference between a serving and portion size?

A

A recommended amount vs the amount that you choose to eat.

59
Q

What % DV is considered high and low?

A

20% and 5%

60
Q

What is the ADA (American Diabetes Association) exchange system?

A

A plan that organizes foods into groups based on the macronutrients and energy content

61
Q

What is the DASH eating plan?

A

Made to battle hypertension. Increases fruit and veggies before grains. Increases K,Ca. Lowers NA

62
Q

What is an example of a food based and a nutrient based plan?

A

Food based: My Plate

Nutrient based: ADA exchange system

63
Q

The DRI (Dietary Reference Intake) is based on what 2 statistics

A

EAR what 50% of people consume

RDA: the EAR +- 2 SD or 97% of people

64
Q

What is AI and when is it used?

A

Adequate intake, it is used as a reference when EAR and RDA can’t be found

65
Q

What is the difference between the cytochromes on Complex lll and Complex lV?

A

Complex lll cytochromes are named B and c1

Complex lV cytochromes are named a and a1 and have copper ions.

66
Q

In the ETC which complexes move H+, and how many do they each move?

A

Complex l: 4
Complex lll: 4
Complex lV: 2

67
Q

Cytochromes contain which component (explain it) to ensure that electrons move through it?

A

Heme. An iron molecule locked between prolines.

68
Q

How much ATP is made via the consumption of one Acetyl CoA?

A

10

7.5 NADH
1.5 FADH2
1 GTP

69
Q

What are the three enzymes of glycolysis that catalyze irreversible reactions?

A

Hexokinase
Phosphofructose Kinase 1 (PFK 1)
Pyruvate Kinase

70
Q

Why does the complete cycle of aerobic Glycolysis give a range of 30-32 ATP?

A

The 2 NADH that are synthesized in the cytoplasm during glycolysis have to be shuttled in via an FADH2 shuttle or NADH shuttle. If it attaches to FADH2 you only get 3 ATP and if it attaches to the NADH you get 5 ATP.

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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