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Biochemistry > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where does fatty acid oxidation take place?

A

Exclusively in the mitochondria

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2
Q

Where does acetyl-coA production take place?

A

Exclusively in the mitochondria

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3
Q

Where does the TCA cycle take place?

A

Exclusively in the mitochondria

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4
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

Exclusively in the mitochondria

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5
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Exclusively in the cytosol

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6
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis take place?

A

Exclusively in the cytosol

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7
Q

Where does protein synthesis take place?

A

In the cytosol and RER

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8
Q

Where does steroid synthesis take place?

A

In the cytosol and SER

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9
Q

Where does cholesterol synthesis take place?

A

In the cytosol

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10
Q

Where does heme synthesis take place?

A

In the cytosol AND mitochondria

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11
Q

Where does the urea cycle take place?

A

In the cytosol and mitochondria

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12
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis take place?

A

In the cytosol and mitochondria

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13
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase-1

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14
Q

What are the activators of phosphofructokinase-1?

A

AMP, Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

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15
Q

What are the inhibitors of phosphofructokinase-1?

A

ATP and citrate

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16
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of gluconeogenesis?

A

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

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17
Q

What are the activators of fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What inhibits fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase?

A

AMP, Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate

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19
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of the TCA cycle?

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

What activates isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

ADP

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21
Q

What inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase?

A

ATP, NADH

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22
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of glycogenesis?

A

Glycogen synthase

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23
Q

What activates glycogen synthase?

A

Glucose, insulin

24
Q

What inhibits glycogen synthase?

A

Glucagon, epinephrine

25
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of glycogenolysis?

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

26
Q

What activates glycogen phosphorylase?

A

AMP, epinephrine, glucagon

27
Q

What inhibits glycogen phosphorylase?

A

ATP, insulin

28
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

29
Q

What activates glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?

A

NADP+

30
Q

What inhibits glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase?

A

NADPH

31
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme of de novo pyrimidine synthesis?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II

32
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme for de novo purine synthesis?

A

Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase

33
Q

What inhibits glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase?

A

AMP, IMP, GMP

34
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme for the urea cycle?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I

35
Q

What activates carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I?

A

N-acetylglutamate

36
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

37
Q

What activates acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

Insulin, citrate

38
Q

What inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase?

A

Glucagon, palmitoyl-CoA

39
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme for fatty acid oxidation?

A

Carnitine acyltransferase I

40
Q

What inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I?

A

Malonyl-CoA

41
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme for ketogenesis?

A

HMG-CoA synthase

42
Q

What is the rate determining enzyme for cholesterol synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

43
Q

What stimulates HMG-CoA reductase?

A

Insulin, thyroxine

44
Q

What inhibits HMG-CoA reductase?

A

Glucagon, cholesterol

45
Q

Where is hexokinase found?

A

Everywhere

46
Q

What are the kinetics of hexokinase?

A

High affinity, low Km, low capacity, low Vmax

47
Q

What inhibits hexokinase?

A

Feedback inhibition by glucose-6-phosphate

48
Q

Where is glucokinase found?

A

Liver and beta cells of the pancreas

49
Q

What are the kinetics of glucokinase?

A

Low affinity, high Km, high capacity, high Vmax

50
Q

Which is induced by insulin: hexokinase or glucokinase?

A

Glucokinase

51
Q

What are the cofactors required by pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

TPP, FAD, NAD, CoA, Lipoic acid

52
Q

What inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase?

A

ATP, Acetyl-CoA, NADH

53
Q

What inhibits complex I of the ETC?

A

Rotenone

54
Q

What inhibits Complex III of the ETC?

A

Antimycin A

55
Q

What inhibits complex IV of the ETC?

A

Cyanide, Carbon monoxide

56
Q

What inhibits complex V of the ETC?

A

Oligomycin

57
Q

What are uncouplers?

A

Increase membrane permability of the IMM, destroy proton gradient–> examples: 2,4-DNP, aspirin, naturally: thermogenin (Brown fat)

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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