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NDBE Part 1: Biochem & Phys > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Most abundant substance in GAGs

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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2
Q

Maltose

A

glucose x2

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3
Q

Lactose

A

glucose + galactose

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4
Q

Sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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5
Q

GLUT 1

A

RBCs

blood-brain barrier

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6
Q

GLUT 2

A

liver and pancreatic cells

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7
Q

GLUT 3

A

neurons

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8
Q

GLUT 5

A

fructose transport in intestine and testis

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9
Q

GLUT 4

A

muscle and adipose tissue, regulated by insulin

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10
Q

purines

A

adenine

guanine

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11
Q

pyriidine

A

cytosine
uracil
thymine

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12
Q

termination codons

A

UGA
UAG
UAA

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13
Q

rRNA

A

structure on which proteins are assembled

most abundant

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14
Q

tRNA

A

carry aa to ribosomes

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15
Q

mRNA

A

protein synth template

least abundant

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16
Q

Non-essential amino acids

A 
All "A"
All "G" 
serine 
proline 
tyrosine
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17
Q

What are non essential a.a. derived from?

A

glucose

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18
Q

what a. a. has H has its R group?

A

glycine

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19
Q

a.a. in bile salts

A

glycine

taurine

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20
Q

a.a. in histones

A

arginine

lysine

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21
Q

phosphorylated a.a.

A

Serine, threonine, and tyrosine

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22
Q

glycosylated a.a.

A

Serine, threonine, and asparagin

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23
Q

hydroxylated a.a

A

proline

lysine

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24
Q

a.a. with ring structure

A

proline

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25
Q

tryptophan can synthesize

A

serotonin

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26
Q

tyrosine can synthesize

A

thyroid hormones
adrenal hormones
dopamine
melanin

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27
Q

phenylalanine can synthesize

A

tyrosine

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28
Q

where does FA synthesis occur?

A

cytosol of liver

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29
Q

where does FA catabolism occur

A

mitochondira

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30
Q

causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, chronic renal failure, salicylate intoxication

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31
Q

causes of metabolic alkalosis

A

Vomiting, hyperaldosteronism, diuretics (loop or thiazide)

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32
Q

causes of respiratory acidosis

A

Opiates, sedatives, anesthetics, COPD

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33
Q

causes of respiratory alkalyosis

A

Pneumonia, pulmonary embolus, high altitude, psychogenic, salicylate intoxication

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34
Q

competitive inhibitor

A

Km inc

no change Vmax

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35
Q

non competitive inhibitor

A

no change Km

dec Vmax

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36
Q

Major form of iron storage in the body?

A

ferritin

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37
Q

What enzyme traps glucose in the cell?

A

hexokinase

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38
Q

what enzyme splits glucose into 2 carbon molecules?

A

aldolase

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39
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

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40
Q

where does pyruvate oxidation take place

A

mito matrix

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41
Q

where does Krebs cycle take place

A

mito matrix

42
Q

where does ETC take place

A

inner mito membrane

43
Q

where is carbonic anhydrase mainly found and what co-enzyme does it use?

A

in RBC and kidneys

uses zinc

44
Q

What coenzyme is in ctyochrome oxidase?

A

Copper

45
Q

Magnesium is the the co-enzyme for what metabolic substances?

A

Hexokinase
G-6-P
PK

46
Q

What enzyme does aspirin inhibit?

A

Cyclooxyrgenase by acetylating serine

47
Q

What enzymes cause phosphorylation?

A

kinases

48
Q

What enzymes cause dephospho rylation?

A

phosphatases

49
Q

T/F sucrose is a reducing sugar

A

False - it is a non-reducing sugar

50
Q

What type of bonds does isomaltase cleave?

A

alpha 1-6

51
Q

What type of bonds does alpha-amylase cleave?

A

alpha 1-4 internal linkages

52
Q

What type of bonds does beta-amylase cleave?

A

alpha 1-4 linkages

at non-reducing ends

53
Q

What type of bonds does gamma amylase (glucamylase) cleave?

A

alpha 1-4

alpha 1-6

54
Q

A deficiency in G-6-P causes what disease?

A

von Gierke’s disease (autosomal recessive)

55
Q

What are GAGs made up of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine
N-acetylgalactosamine
uronic acid

56
Q

What GAG is mainly found in basement membranes?

A

heparan sulface

57
Q

what GAG is found in mast cells?

A

Heparin

58
Q

Cellulose have what type of bonds?

A

beta 1-4

59
Q

Chitin has what type of bonds?

A

Beta 1-4

60
Q

PNS/SNS control what type of secretions?

A

PNS: serous
SNS: mucous

61
Q

Which is the most restricted amino acid?

A

proline

62
Q

What amino acids have disulfide bonds?

A

cystine (thiol groups)

63
Q

Which amino acids are ketogenic (produce acetyl-CoA)?

A

leucine

lysine

64
Q

What do NE/Epi cause?

A

vasoconstriction

bronchiodilation

65
Q

What does Histamine cause?

A

vasodilation

bronchoconstriction

66
Q

Where is Histamine derived from?

A

R-5-P (Histidine)

67
Q

H1 vs H2 receptors

A

H1: type I hypersensitivity
H2: gastric acid and pepsin secretions

68
Q

Deficiency in Phenylalanine hydroxylase causes what disease?

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

tx: tyrosine

69
Q

Deficiency in tyrosinase causes what disease?

A

Albinism

70
Q

What is the major cell in collagen?

A

fibroblasts

71
Q

What amino acids are involved in collagen synthesis?

A

proline
lysine
glycine
alanine

72
Q

What events in collagen synthesis occur intracellularly?

A

hydroxylation

glycoslyation = procollagen 3x helix

73
Q

What events in collagen synthesis occur extracellularly?

A

endopeptidase = tropocollagen

cross linking = fibrils

74
Q

Type I collagen

A

Skin, bone, tendon, sclera, dentin, cementum, gingiva, PDL

75
Q

Type II collagen

A

Cartilage, vitreous humor

76
Q

Type III collagen

A

Embryonic CT, organ CT, blood vessels, pulp, PDL

77
Q

Type IV collagen

A

Basement membrane

78
Q

Type V collagen

A

Widely distributed CT, dentin, gingiva, PDL

79
Q

Type VII collagen

A

Anchoring fibrils of basement membrane

80
Q

Accumulation of sphingomyelins cause what disease?

A

Niemann-Pick

81
Q

S/S of choline deficiency

A

abnormal fat metabolism
fatty liver disease
heptaic cirrhosis

82
Q

What is the RLS in cholesterol (steroid) synthesis?

A

HMG-CoA to mevalonate via HMG-CoA reductase

83
Q

Statin drugs inhibit what enzyme?

A

HMG-CoA reductase

84
Q

What is the most abundant GAG and what does it contribute to?

A 
Chondroitin sulfate: 
cartilage 
bone 
tendons 
ligaments 
heart valves
85
Q

Choline is associated w/ what membrane component?

A

Lecithin

86
Q

which a. a. has a hydrophobic side chain?

A

leucine

87
Q

Where does urea cycle occur?

A

liver

88
Q

What are purines derived from?

A

amino acids

89
Q

What is the RTL step of glycolysis?

A

F-6-P to F-1,6-BP

90
Q

Causes of glucosuria

A

low insulin
high blood sugar
impaired tubular reabsorption
inc GFR

91
Q

Fxn of hyaluronate

A

shock absorbing GAG

ex: synovial fluid, vitreous humor, ECM

92
Q

Primary location of heparin sulfate (GAG)

A

basement membrane

93
Q

When is glycogen synthase vs. glycogen phosphorylase activated?

A

synthase: not phosphorylated
phosphorylase: phosphorylated

94
Q

linkages in dextran

A

alpha 1-3 and 1-6

95
Q

AZT (azidothymidine) is a competitive inhibitor of what structure?

A

reverse transcriptase

96
Q

What co-enzymes are required for purine/pyrimidine synthesis?

A

THF

Folate

97
Q

How many H-bonds between A-T and G-C

A 
A-T = 2 
G-C = 3
98
Q

What are the amino acids with only one codon?

A

Trp
Met
Se-Cys

99
Q

What is the initiation codon?

A

AUG

100
Q

What substances carries the anticodon to mRNA for translation

A

tRNA

NDBE Part 1: Biochem & Phys (1 decks)

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