Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology - Unit IV > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

Liver disorders, inflammation, hepatitis, cirrhosis.

1
Q
  • What does the liver do?
A

Metabolizes bilirubin (byproduct of the destruction of old RBCs).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q
  • What happens when RBCs die?
A

Iron is recycled and stored as ferritin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q
  • What is hepatic encephalopathy?
A

Decreased in detoxification reactions. Ammonia from breakdown can cause encephalopathy.

Liver can’t filter out and detoxify the ammonia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  • When the liver cannot filter out and detoxify the ammonia, this causes?
A

Encephalopathy, altered LOC, seizures, coma, death.

Encourage patient to monitor protein by cutting it down.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q
  • What will decreased protein production and decreased oncotic pressure lead to?
A

Ascites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q
  • Decrease in protein production can decrease?
A

Clotting factor production, increasing the risk of bleeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q
  • What causes hemolytic jaundice?
A

Bilirubin from the breakdown of RBCs.

Excessive hemolysis of RBCs or absorption of hematoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
  • Leading cause of cirrhosis?
A

Alcoholism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  • Thrombosis can cause?
A

Portal hypertension and is a pre hepatic problem.

Occurs before it gets to the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is portal hypertension?

A

High blood pressure in the portal vein system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the portal vein system composed of?

A

The portal vein, its branches and its tributaries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Elevation of hepatic venous pressure gradient?

A

> 55 mmHg.

(Normal is 3).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q
  • What can be caused by portal hypertension?
A

Varicose veins, vomiting, anything that causes pressure in the body (vomiting, valsalva maneuver, pushing during labor), or any increase in pressure can cause bleeding and the varices to bleed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
  • What are varicose veins?
A

They are distended neck veins caused by portal hypertension. More commonly in esophageal varicose.

Pressure can cause the varicose to start bleeding which can become a problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q
  • AST & ALT determine?
A

How much alcohol is in the system.

You would not expect to see AST & ALT in very end stage liver failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why would AST & ALT not be elevated in very end stage liver failure?

A

Hepatocytes are no longer being produced.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Three phases in viral hepatitis?

A
  1. Viral replication.
  2. Prodromal.
  3. Icteric phase.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q
  • Signs and symptoms of icteric phase?
A

Most commonly jaundice, enlarged liver, and dark urine.

Pale colored stool, in addition to the predominant GI symptoms from malaise, patients become icteric and may develop upper quadrant pain with hepatomegaly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Significance of viral hepatitis?

A

Varies with the individual, as well as with the specific causative virus.

Some patients may be entirely symptomatic or mildly symptomatic at presentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • Cause of elevated prothrombin time?
A

Lack of synthesis of clotting factors that may occur in liver disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Prothrombin time is more often associated with?

A

Acute liver disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Decrease in albumin is associated with?

A

Chronic liver disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 5 types of hepatitis?

A

A, B, C, D, and E.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q
  • Hepatitis A transmitted by?
A

Fecal-oral route (feces, bile, sera of infected people).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q
  • Hepatitis B transmitted by?
A

Infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q
  • Hepatitis C transmitted by?
A

Implicated in infections related to IV drug use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q
  • Hepatitis D transmitted by?
A

Same as Hepatitis B.

Infected blood, body fluids, or contaminated needles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  • Hepatitis E transmitted by?
A

The same as Hepatitis A.

Fecal-oral route.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q
  • How else is Hepatitis B transmitted by?
A

Maternal transmission if the mother is infected during the 3rd trimester.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q
  • The worst types of Hepatitis to get are?
A

Hepatitis B and C because patients with hepatitis B go into chronic hepatitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q
  • Can Hepatitis A become a chronic illness?
A

No.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q
  • Most common symptom of Hepatitis A?
A

Fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What can help prevent transmission and development of Hepatitis B?

A

Hepatitis B vaccine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
  • Hepatitis D cannot be obtained without?
A

Hepatitis B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q
  • Hepatitis D + B.
A

Hepatitis D and B go together.

You can have Hepatitis B as a standalone disease, but D will always occur along with Hepatitis B.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q
  • Complications of Hepatitis D?
A

Fulminant hepatitis, cirrhosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
  • Complications of Hepatitis B?
A

Chronic necrosis, encephalopathy, and organ failure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • Hepatitis C increases the risk for?
A

Hepatocellular carcinoma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is hepatitis?

A

Inflammation of the liver?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What causes hepatitis?

A

Infections (usually viral), alcohol, medications (acetaminophen, anti-seizure agents, and antibiotics, or autoimmune disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Characteristics of hepatitis?

A

Can be acute, chronic, or fulminant.

Can be active or nonactive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

During non-viral hepatitis?

A

Not contagious, and the person usually recovers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

A person with non-viral hepatitis may develop?

A

Liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What can hepatitis result in?

A

Hepatic cell destruction, necrosis, autolysis, hyperplasia, and scarring.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Characteristics of viral hepatitis?

A

Contagious, usually recover in time with no residual damage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Advancing age and comobidity in persons with viral hepatitis can cause?

A

Increase likelihood for development of liver failure, liver cancer, or cirrhosis.

47
Q

Hepatitis A risk factors?

A

Crowded, unsanitary conditions.

Food and water contamination.

48
Q

What is Hepatorenal Syndrome?

A

Renail failure demonstrating oliguria, sodium and water retention, hypotension, and peripheral vasodilation.

49
Q

Hepatorenal Syndrome is caused by?

A

Advanced liver disease.

50
Q

Another word for Jaundice is?

A

Icterus.

51
Q

Obstructive jaundice consists of?

A
  1. Extrahepatic obstruction.

2. Intrahepatic obstruction.

52
Q

Hemolytic jaundice consists of?

A
  1. Prehepatic jaundice.

2. Excessive hemolysis of RBCs or absorption of a hematoma.

53
Q

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

A neurologic syndrome of impaired cognitive function, flapping tremor, and EEG changes.

54
Q

When does hepatic encephalopathy develop?

A

It develops rapidly during fulminant hepatitis or slowly during chronic liver disease?

55
Q

Varices consists of?

A

Lower esophagus, stomach, and rectum.

56
Q

Consequences of portal hypertension?

A
  1. Varices
  2. Splenomegaly
  3. Ascites
  4. Hepatic encephalopathy
  5. Systemic hypertension
57
Q

Factors affecting metabolism?

A
  1. Endocrine System

2. Hepatic System

58
Q

Purpose of endocrine system?

A

Production, synthesis, and release of hormones.

59
Q

The liver metabolizes?

A

Carbs, proteins, fats, meds (to prepare them for excretion).

60
Q

The liver synthesizes?

A

Glucose, protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, and clotting factors.

61
Q

The liver stores and releases?

A

Glucose, fats, and micronutrients.

62
Q

The liver detoxifies?

A

Blood of potentially harmful chemicals.

63
Q

The liver maintains?

A

Intravascular fluid volume.

64
Q

The liver produces?

A

Bile

65
Q

The liver inactivates and prepares?

A

Hormones for excretion.

66
Q

The liver removes?

A

Damaged or old RBCs.

67
Q

Why does the liver removes damaged or old RBCs?

A

So that it can recycle iron and protein.

68
Q

The liver serves as?

A

A blood reservoir.

69
Q

The liver converts?

A

Fatty acids to ketones.

70
Q

What is portal hypertension?

A

Abnormally high blood pressure in the portal venous system.

71
Q

Portal hypertension is caused by?

A

Resistance to portal blood flow.

72
Q

The 3 types of portal hypertension are?

A
  1. Prehepatic.
  2. Intrahepatic.
  3. Posthepatic.
73
Q

What are the liver disorders?

A
  1. Portal hypertension
  2. Hepatic encephalopathy
  3. Jaundice
74
Q

Can a person live without a liver?

A

No.

75
Q

Can the liver regenerate?

A

To an extent.

76
Q

50% to 80% of hepatitis C cases result in?

A

Chronic hepatitis.

77
Q

Hepatitis C is responsible for most cases of?

A

Post-transfusion hepatitis.

78
Q

Hepatitis G is transmitted by?

A

Hepatitis G has been recently discovered and is transmitted parentally and sexually.

79
Q

What is an acute infection?

A

Liver damage.

80
Q

In acute infection, liver damage is mediated by?

A
  1. Cytotoxic cytokines.

2. Natural killer cells.

81
Q

Liver cell damage in acute infection results in?

A

Hepatic cell necrosis.

82
Q

Acute infection inflames?

A

The periportal areas that may interrupt bile flow.

83
Q

Acute infection causes proliferation and enlargement of?

A

Kupffer cells.

84
Q

What forms inflammation?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes.

85
Q

Systemic effects of inflammation?

A

Rash, angioedema, arthritis, fever, malaise, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis.

86
Q

Sequence of Hepatitis?

A
  1. Incubation phase.
  2. Prodromal (preicteric) phase.
  3. Icteric phase.
  4. Recovery phase.
87
Q

Fuliminant hepatitis results from?

A

Impairment or necrosis of hepatocytes.

88
Q

What is chronic active hepatitis?

A

Persistant symptoms.

89
Q

What are the 2 types of hepatitis that can form?

A
  1. Chronic active hepatitis.

2. Fulminant hepatitis.

90
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Chronic, progressive, irreversible, diffuse damage to the liver.

91
Q

Cirrhosis results in?

A

Decreased liver function.

92
Q

Most common etiology for cirrhosis?

A

Hepatitis.

93
Q

How long does cirrhosis take to develop?

A

Up to 40 years.

94
Q

The problem with removing the underlying cause of cirrhosis?

A

Cirrhosis can still develop.

95
Q

Cirrhosis leads to?

A

Fibrosis, nodule formation, impaired blood flow, and bile obstruction that can result in liver failure.

96
Q

The 2 types of cirrhosis?

A
  1. Alcoholic.

2. BIliary (bile canaliculi)

97
Q

What is Alcoholic Cirrhosis?

A

Oxidation of alcohol which damages hepatocytes.

98
Q

Where does Biliary Cirrhosis begins?

A

Bile cannaliculi and ducts.

99
Q

Primary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Autoimmune.

100
Q

Secondary biliary cirrhosis?

A

Obstruction.

101
Q
  • Systolic pressure in hepatorenal syndrome?
A

< 100 mmHg

102
Q
  • Signs and symptoms of hepatorenal syndrome?
A

Anorexia, weakness, and fatigue.

103
Q
  • Renal failure is a complication of advanced liver disease caused by?
A
  1. Portal hypertension
  2. Alcoholic cirrhosis
  3. Portal hypotension
  4. Peripheral vasodilation
104
Q

Maternal transmission of infected mother during third trimester?

A

Puts newborns at risk by 80-90%.

105
Q

Maternal transmission of infected mother in the first trimester?

A

10%

106
Q
  • Alcoholic Cirrhosis can cause?
A

Fatty liver, which is reversible.

107
Q
  • Important result in hepatitis?
A

Necrosis.

108
Q
  • Obstructive Jaundice Pathway?
A
  1. Obstructive jaundice.
  2. Bile duct obstruction.
  3. Light colored stools.
  4. Conjugated bilirubin accumulated in liver and enters blood stream.
  5. Excreted in urine which causes urine to be dark.
  6. Deposited in tissues which causes person to be jaundiced.
109
Q

What happens to the cells in hepatic encephalopathy?

A

Cells in the nervous system are vulnerable to neurotoxins absorbed from the GI tract. Circulate to the brain because of liver dysfunction.

110
Q
  • Ascites Pathway?
A
  1. Increased capillary permeability.
  2. Loss of plasma.
  3. Ascites.
111
Q
  • Hepatits A Prevalence?
A

40%

112
Q
  • Hepatitis B Prevalence?
A

5%

113
Q

Hepatitis C Prevalence?

A

20%

50% Chronic

Pathophysiology - Unit IV (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions