Metabolism Flashcards
What are the three classes of biochemical macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins
These macromolecules play essential roles in biological processes.
How is the liver involved in carbohydrate metabolism?
The liver regulates blood glucose levels and stores glycogen
It converts excess glucose into glycogen for storage.
What is the liver’s role in protein metabolism?
The liver synthesizes proteins and converts ammonia to urea
It is crucial for maintaining nitrogen balance.
How does the liver participate in lipid metabolism?
The liver synthesizes, stores, and breaks down lipids
It also produces bile for fat digestion.
What is the role of the liver in lipid transport?
The liver produces lipoproteins to transport fats in the bloodstream
It helps in the distribution of cholesterol and triglycerides.
What are the processes leading to ATP generation?
Glycolysis, intermediate stage action, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
These processes collectively produce ATP from glucose.
What happens during glycolysis?
Glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP and NADH
It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
What is the intermediate stage action?
Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the citric acid cycle
This step links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
What occurs in the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl-CoA is oxidized, generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2
It takes place in the mitochondria.
What is the electron transport system?
A series of proteins in the mitochondrial membrane that generate ATP using electrons from NADH and FADH2
It produces the majority of ATP during cellular respiration.
How are triglycerides broken down biochemically?
Triglycerides are hydrolyzed into glycerol and fatty acids
This process is essential for lipid metabolism.
What is beta-oxidation?
The process by which fatty acids are oxidized to produce acetyl-CoA for ATP production
It occurs in the mitochondria.
How are amino acids broken down for ATP production?
Amino acids undergo deamination to remove the amino group
The remaining carbon skeleton can enter metabolic pathways.
What is deamination?
The process of removing an amino group from an amino acid
It allows amino acids to be converted into energy.
What does it mean that certain nutrient biomolecules can be interconverted?
Nutrient biomolecules can be transformed from one type to another, such as carbohydrates to fats
This flexibility helps the body adapt to different energy needs.
What are the mechanisms involved in body temperature regulation?
Thermoregulation involves physiological and behavioral responses to maintain core temperature
The hypothalamus plays a key role in this process.
Differentiate between body core temperature and body surface temperature.
Core temperature refers to the temperature of internal organs; surface temperature is that of the skin
Core temperature is more critical for physiological functioning.
What is the role of the hypothalamus in temperature regulation?
The hypothalamus acts as the body’s thermostat, regulating temperature through various mechanisms
It triggers responses like sweating or shivering.
Differentiate between Hyperthermia and Hypothermia.
Hyperthermia is an elevated body temperature; hypothermia is a dangerously low body temperature
Both conditions can be life-threatening.
