Metabolism Flashcards
T/F: Major metabolic events are catabolic
FALSE, anabolic
T/F: The major energy fuel is glucose
TRUE
T/F: Excess glucose is stored in muscle cells as glucagon or in adipose cells as fat
FALSE, glycogen is stored
T/F: The major energy source of skeletal muscle cells is glucose
TRUE
T/F: Most amino acids pass through the liver to other cells, where they are used to produce ATP.
FALSE
T/F: The hormone most in control of the events of the absorptive state is insulin.
TRUE
T/F: The sympathetic NS signals the pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin.
FALSE, parasympathetic NS
T/F: Insulin stimulates the active transport of glucose into tissue cells.
FALSE, passive transport
T/F: Insulin inhibits lipolysis and glycogenolysis
FALSE, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system will:
a. Increase the production of all hydrolytic enzymes by abdominal organs
b. Increase only the production of those digestive juices rich in buffers
c. Have no effect on the digestive system
d. Decrease the production of digestive juices
e. Increase the movement of food through the alimentary canal
d. Decrease the production of digestive juices
Select the statement that is true, concerning primary teeth:
a. There are 20 primary teeth, and the primary molars are permanent
b. There are 24 primary teeth, and no new primary teeth appear after 13 months
c. There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20
d. There are 20 primary teeth, and most children lose these teeth due to decay
c. There are 20 primary teeth, and by 24 months of age most children have all 20
The portal triad is composed of branches of the:
a. Hepatic artery, hepatic vein, bile duct
b. Hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein, bile duct
c. Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, hepatic vein
d. Gastric artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct
e. Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct
e. Hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, bile duct
Of all the minerals required by the human body, _____ and _____ account for ¾ of the total:
a. Zinc, selenium
b. Potassium, sodium
c. Sulfur, chloride
d. Calcium, phosphorus
d. Calcium, phosphorus
Which of the following nutrients yields the highest amount of energy per gram when
metabolized?
a. Fats
b. Carbohydrates
c. Cholesterol
d. Foods and beverages high in caffeine
e. Proteins
b. Carbohydrates
Select the correct statement about digestive processes
a. Enterogastrone is a hormone that helps increase gastric motility
b. Pepsin is an enzyme produced by the stomach for the purpose of starch digestion
c. Chime entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric
reflex
d. Secretin inhibits bile production
e. All commonly ingested substances are significantly absorbed by the stomach mucosa
c. Chime entering the duodenum can decrease gastric motility via the enterogastric
Deamination is a chemical process in which:
a. Protein is synthesized
b. Amino acids are buffered in the kidney
c. The amine group is removed from the amino acid
d. Amino acids are broken down for energy
c. The amine group is removed from the amino acid
When ketone bodies are present in the blood and urine in large quantities, it indicates increased
metabolism of:
a. Amino acids
b. Fatty acids
c. Glycogen
d. Lactic acid
e. Keto acids
b. Fatty acids
As the body progresses from the absorptive to the post absorptive state, the ____ continues to
burn glucose while every other organ in the body switches to other energy sources
a. Liver
b. Heart
c. Pancreas
d. Spleen
e. Brain
e. Brain
Gastrin, histamine, serotonin, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin are hormones or paracrines that
are released directly into the lamina propria. Which of the following cell types secrete these
products?
a. Stem cells
b. Enteroendocrine cells
c. Parietal cells
d. Acinar cells
e. Mucous neck cells
b. Enteroendocrine cells
Which of the following statements are FALSE?
a. There are two sources of amylase: the pancreas and the salivary glands
b. Glucose can be converted into building blocks for triglycerides
c. Fatty acids can be used to make new glucose molecules when blood glucose levels
are low
d. It is possible to obtain all of the amino acids that the body needs if one is a vegetarian
e. There are two primary storage sites for glycogen in the body: the liver and skeletal muscle
c. Fatty acids can be used to make new glucose molecules when blood glucose levels
Pepsinogen, a digestive enzyme precursor is secreted by:
a. Chief cells of the stomach
b. Parietal cells of the stomach
c. Acinar cells of the pancreas
d. Epithelial cells of the small intestine
e. None of the above
a. Chief cells of the stomach
Secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are released by the:
a. Stomach
b. Pancreas
c. Small intestine
d. Liver
e. Gallbladder
c. Small intestine
Select the correct statement about the regulation of gastric secretion
a. Vagus stimulation of the stomach results in decreased secretion of gastric juice
b. The presence of food in the stomach prevents hormonal control of gastric secretion
c. Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth
d. Gastric secretion is enhanced by very low Ph (below pH 2)
c. Gastric secretion can be stimulated before food has entered the mouth
Going through the digestive tract from mouth to anus, put these sphincters in the correct order:
a. Gastroesophageal, hepatopancreatic, ileocecal, pyloric
b. Gastroesophageal, pyloric, hepatopancreatic, ileocecal
c. Pyloric, gastroesophageal, hepatopancreatic, ileocecal
d. Gastroesophageal, hepatopancreatic, pyloric, ileocecal
e. Pyloric, gastroesophageal, ileocecal, hepatopancreatic
b. Gastroesophageal, pyloric, hepatopancreatic, ileocecal
Paneth cells:
a. Are more common in the ileum than in the jejunum
b. Are absorptive cells in the small intestine
c. Secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
d. Are located next to the lacteal in a villus
e. C and D
e. C and D
The functions of the gallbladder include:
a. Production of bile
b. Storage and concentration of bile
c. Formation of urea
d. Secretion of CCK
e. A) and b
b. Storage and concentration of bile
___ converts bilirubin to stercobilin:
a. Pancreatic enzymes
b. The liver
c. Intestinal bacteria
d. Bile
e. Pepsin
c. Intestinal bacteria
The large intestine absorbs mostly:
a. Amino acids
b. Monosaccharides
c. Bile salts
d. Water
e. Triglycerides
d. Water
The intestinal absorption of glucose and galactose occurs via:
a. Simple diffusion
b. Osmosis
c. Secondary active transport
d. Bulk flow
e. Endocytosis
d. Bulk flow
Most ATP generated by the complete oxidation of glucose results from the reactions of:
a. Glycogenolysis
b. Glycolysis
c. The Kreb’s cycle
d. The electron transport chain
e. Gluconeogenesis
d. The electron transport chain
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body
for all of the following except:
a. Production of energy
b. Production of enzymes
c. Production of some hormones
d. Production of antibodies
e. Formation of molecules like keratin
a. Production of energy
Which of the following statements about pancreatic juice is TRUE?
a. Proteolytic enzymes are secreted as inactive precursors
b. Its secretion is stimulated by both secretin and CCK
c. Its ph is slightly acidic
d. A and B
e. A, B and C
d. A and B
Glycogen is composed of:
a. Glucose
b. Sucrose
c. Galactose and fructose
d. Glucose and fructose
e. Galactose and glucose
a. Glucose
Lipogenesis occurs when:
a. There is a shortage of fatty acids
b. Glucose levels drop slightly
c. Glucagon is released from alpha cells
d. Excess proteins are transported through the cell membrane
e. Cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
e. Cellular ATP and glucose levels are high
Which of the following occurs during the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
a. Chemoreceptors detect a change in the ph of gastric juice
b. Stretch receptors detect distension of the stomach
c. Chemoreceptors detect fatty acids in the duodenum
d. The sight, smell, thought or taste of food triggers parasympathetic impulses
e. CCK is released by enteroendocrine cells
d. The sight, smell, thought or taste of food triggers parasympathetic impulses
The outer surface of the tooth crown is covered with:
a. Dentin
b. Cementum
c. Tubules
d. Enamel
e. Odontoblasts
d. Enamel
The order of events during lipid absorption is:
a. Chylomicron, intestinal epithelium, micelle, lacteal, blood
b. Micelle, chylomicron, intestinal epithelium, micelle, blood
c. Lacteal, chylomicron, intestinal epithelium, micelle, blood
d. Micelle, intestinal epithelium, chylomicron, lacteal, blood
e. Chylomicron, intestinal epithelium, micelle, blood, lacteal
d. Micelle, intestinal epithelium, chylomicron, lacteal, blood
The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called:
a. Submucosa
b. Mesenteries
c. Lamina propria
d. Serosal lining
e. Mucosal lining
b. Mesenteries
Insulin is synthesized in the pancreas, and it:
a. Inactivates carrier-mediated diffusion of glucose into cells
b. Decreases glucose oxidation so that energy reserves are spared
c. Stimulates the catabolism of fat
d. Stimulates glycogen formation
e. None of the above
d. Stimulates glycogen formation
Anabolism includes reactions in which:
a. Carbohydrates are metabolized to yield ATP
b. Larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
c. Structural proteins are used as a potential energy source
d. Ketone bodies are formed
e. B and D
b. Larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Which of the following statements about gastric acid secretion is FALSE?
a. When H+ is secreted into the lumen of the stomach, large quantities of HCO3- are
released into the bloodstream
b. The parietal cell contains the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
c. K+ ions cycle between the lumen of the stomach and the inside of the parietal cell
d. Active transport is involved
e. There is a net accumulation of positive charge in the lumen of the stomach
e. There is a net accumulation of positive charge in the lumen of the stomach
The plicae circulates (circular folds) and intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of
the alimentary tube wall?
a. Mucosa
b. Serosa
c. Adventitia
d. Lamina propria
a. Mucosa
Increased serous secretion by the extrinsic salivary glands results from:
a. Sympathetic stimulation
b. Hormonal stimulation
c. Vitamin D
d. Parasympathetic stimulation
e. Myenteric reflexes
a. Sympathetic stimulation
In glycolysis, the initial activation of glucose before it is cleaved requires a total of how many
ATP molecules?
a. 2
b. 10
c. 5
d. 0
e. 4
a. 2
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to:
a. Deliver bile to the gallbladder
b. Carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract
c. Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing and storage
d. Distribute hormones
e. Return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is low
c. Collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing and storage
The sublingual salivary glands:
a. Are the largest salivary glands
b. Are comprised only of serous cells
c. Are located immediately in front of the ear
d. Have many ducts that release saliva onto the floor of the oral cavity
e. Are also called the buccal salivary glands
d. Have many ducts that release saliva onto the floor of the oral cavity
Which of the following are types of papillae on the tongue that contain taste buds?
a. Fungiform and circumvallate
b. Palatine and circumvallate
c. Circumvallate and filiform
d. Fungiform, circumvallate, filiform
e. Fungiform, palatine, circumvallate
a. Fungiform and circumvallate
Which of the following increases BOTH insulin and glucagon secretion?
a. Somatostatin
b. Glucose
c. Epinephrine
d. Amino acids
e. Hypoglycemia
d. Amino acids
Transition from a lining of stratified squamous epithelium to simple columnar epithelium occurs:
a. Midway down the esophagus
b. Between the pharynx and the proximal region of the esophagus
c. At the junction of the esophagus and the stomach
d. Between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
e. At the junction of the stomach with the proximal region of the small intestine
d. Between the oropharynx and the nasopharynx
A shortage of cholesterol in the body would interfere with the formation of:
a. Steroid hormones
b. Proteins
c. Nucleic acids
d. Glycogen
e. A and C
a. Steroid hormones
Which of the following is one of the lobes of the liver?
a. Sigmoid
b. Caudate
c. Inferior
d. Medial
e. Astral
b. Caudate
The creation of an acidic environment in the stomach lumen:
a. Is stimulated by histamine
b. Is stimulated by gastrin
c. Is energy-requiring
d. Involves creation of a blood alkaline tide
e. All of the above
e. All of the above
The pick-up molecule for the Kreb’s cycle is ____ acid
a. Isocitric
b. Fumaric
c. Oxaloacetic
d. Malic
e. A-ketoglutaric
c. Oxaloacetic
Which statement about hepatic lobules is TRUE? The central vein of each hepatic lobule
a. Is located at the periphery of the lobule
b. Is a part of the portal triad of each lobule
c. Receives bile from the biliary canaliculi
d. Drains into a tributary of the hepatic vein
e. Empties into a biliary canaliculusduoden
d. Drains into a tributary of the hepatic vein
Beta-oxidation is the process by which:
a. Hydrogen ions are removed from compounds in the Kreb’s cycle
b. ADP is converted to ATP
c. Fatty acids are chopped up into 2-carbon fragments for entry into the Kreb’s cycle
d. Amine groups are removed from amino acids
e. Carbon dioxide is removed from compounds in the Kreb’s cycle
c. Fatty acids are chopped up into 2-carbon fragments for entry into the Kreb’s cycle
Select the correct statement about electrolyte absorption:
a. Sodium ion absorption is coupled to glucose and amino acid transport
b. Potassium moves across the epithelium by diffusion
c. If vitamin D is not present, calcium is poorly absorbed
d. All of the above are correct
d. All of the above are correct
Glucagon:
a. Is synthesized by pancreatic alpha cells
b. Is a steroid hormone
c. Is released in response to a rise in blood sugar levels
d. Is released in response to a drop in amino acid levels
e. Stimulates glycogen synthesis
a. Is synthesized by pancreatic alpha cells
The term essential amino acid refers to those amino acids that:
a. Contribute to structural protein
b. Are stored
c. The body cannot synthesize
d. Become part of the metabolic reserves
e. Must be made in the liver
c. The body cannot synthesize
Hepatocytes do NOT:
a. Produce digestive enzymes
b. Process nutrients
c. Store fat-soluble vitamins
d. Detoxify chemicals
e. Produce bile
a. Produce digestive enzymes
The terminal portion of the small intestine is known as the:
a. Duodenum
b. Ileum
c. Jejunum
d. Pylorum
e. Cecum
b. Ileum
Which of the following is NOT a brush border enzyme?
a. Lactase
b. Carboxypeptidase
c. Enterokinase
d. Sucrase
e. Amylase
e. Amylase
Which of the following statements regarding digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is/are
TRUE?
a. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth
b. Salivary amylase is denatured once it enters the stomach
c. Disaccharides can be absorbed by the epithelial cells of the small intestine, but active
transport is required
d. Only A and B are true
e. All of A, B and C are true
d. Only A and B are true
Which of the following statements is true?
a. The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins
b. Another term for swallowing is deglutition
c. Dentin anchors the tooth in place
d. The mucosa is found only in the jejunum because this is the only part of the small
intestine in need of mucus
e. Chemical digestion involves processes such as segmentation
b. Another term for swallowing is deglutition
Goblet cells function to:
a. Absorb nutrients from digested and store them for future use
b. Produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
c. Secrete buffers in order to keep the ph from the digestive tract close to neutral
d. Provide protection against invading bacteria entering the digestive tract in food
b. Produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
The muscularis of most organs of the gastrointestinal tract consists of two layers of smooth muscle except in the…
stomach
Sucrose is composed of…
1 glucose + 1 fructose
Cholesterol, while it is not an energy molecule, has importance in the body because…
it is an important component of plasma membranes and is the precursor for all steroid hormones
Tooth structure includes:
odontoblasts that reside in dentinal tubules
What does NOT occur in response to increased blood levels of insulin?
Stimulation of glycogenolysis
What is the difference between the effects of secretin and the effects of CCK on the pancreas?
Secretin stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate, while CCK stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
Surgical cutting of the lingual frenulum would occur in which part of the body?
Tongue
When the body uses fat for fuel under conditions when carbohydrates are deficient, this results in the production of…
Ketone bodies
Rate of the stomach emptying is largely dependent on signaling from the
duodenum
An indigested protein will be digested by enzymes made by the…
pancreas, small intestine, & stomach
For much of the intestinal tract, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen.
Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
