Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosynthesis is…

A

The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does the thylakoid contain? How does it help photosynthesis?

A

Contains pigments that absorb light energy —> light energy is used to power photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the stroma do? One sentence.

A

Uses the products of the thylakoid’s reactions to FINISH photosynthesis and create glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Light energy ______ water.

A

Oxidizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What happens in the first stage of photosynthesis? Three steps.

A
  1. Light energy oxidizes water.
  2. Electrons are excited by light and make ATP.
  3. Electrons reduce NADP+ into NADPH.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens in the second stage of photosynthesis? One step.

A

The NADPH and ATP add CO2 to carbon molecules to create glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a pigment?

A

A substance that absorbs light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are OTHER names for the first and second stages of photosynthesis?

A
  1. Light dependent reactions.
  2. Light independent reactions.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The _______ pigments will travel the farthest on chromatography paper, because ________.

A

Most polar, because polar molecules are attracted to the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A stack of thylakoids is called a…

A

Granum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do stages 1 and 2 of photosynthesis occur?

A

Stage 1 - thylakoid. Stage 2 - stroma.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Photosystems II and I are light __________

A

Dependent reactions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Summarize photosystem II (P680) in three points.

A

1 - Photolysis, light energy splits oxygen into H+ and O2, releasing electrons.
2 - light energy excites electrons held in the reaction centre
3 - electrons move down electron transport chain, producing ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Summarize photosystem I (P700) in three steps.

A

1 - electrons from pII end up in reaction centre of pi. Electrons are excited by light energy once again.
2 - excited electrons are captured by another ETC. reduce NADP+ to NADPH
3- products (ATP and NADPH) are transferred to stroma for Calvin Cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the three stages of the Calvin Cycle.

A

1 - RuBP + 3 CO2. Ends up as 6 PGA. Catalyzed by RuBisCo.
2 - 6 PGA + ATP + NADPH, ends up as 6 PGAL/GA3P). Building block for glucose.
3 - 1 PGAL leaves to make 1/2 glucose. Rest regenerates RuBP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happens during photorespiration?

A

RuBisCo incorporates O2 into RuBP instead of CO2. Wasteful, no useful product.

17
Q

What two factors determine whether RuBisCo will use O2 or CO2?

A

Low temp, high CO2 concentration = Calvin Cycle
High temp, low CO2 concentration = photorespiration

18
Q

Describe how each C3, C4, and CAM plants process O2/CO2.

A

C3: use RuBisCo to convert CO2 into PGA. Sensitive to photorespiration.
C4: CO2 physically separated from oxygen to improve CO2 bonding (leaf tissue layers).
CAM: carbon dioxide reserves creates to improve CO2 consisting to RuBisco.

19
Q

How many ATP are created in Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic?

A

38 ATP in aerobic respiration. 2 ATP in anaerobic, plus a toxic byproduct (lactic acid in animals, alcohol in yeast)

20
Q

Now the four stage of aerobic respiration.

A

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid/Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Cytosol, anaerobic.

22
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Mitochondrial matrix, aerobic.

23
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Mitochondrial matrix, aerobic.

24
Q

Where does the ETC occur? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Inner membrane of mitochondria, aerobic.

25
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of glycolysis?

A

Inputs: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
Outputs: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

26
Q

What else can be used instead of glucose during glycolysis? How does it work?

A

Fats - remove glycerol from fatty acids (using lipases), glycerol becomes PGAL
Proteins - proteases break protein into amino acids. deaminases remove amino group, rearranged into pyruvate/acetyl CoA

27
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of pyruvate oxidation?

A

Inputs: 2 pyruvate
Outputs: 2 acetyl CoA (byproduct, 2 CO2, 2 NADH)

28
Q

What are the inputs/outputs of the citric acid/Krebs cycle?

A

Inputs: 1 acetyl CoA
Outputs: 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

29
Q

Describe how the electron transport chain functions.

A

NADH & FADH2 deliver electrons and drive ATP synthesis. Energy stored from electron transfer through the chain forms a proton gradient, energy stored in gradient is used to make ATP.

30
Q

What is the role of oxygen in the ETC?

A

Oxygen “mops up” excess electrons and protons to make water. If oxygen is not present, ETC will stop and ATP production will also cease.

Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions